In This Paper I Wiil Attempt To Show You That Computers Have Affected

In this paper I wiil attempt to show you that computers have affected people in so many ways over the pass twenty -to twentyfive years. all by just playing a important role in our. over the past twenty we as an society have became very independent on a special electronical device, which is very well known as a computer. they have imediately won our hearts and mine since the first day that they have made their entrance into our homes. they have become to be one the second most reliaible thinginside of a house hold besides the oven our microwave the cpu is the one thing that people think willlast them through out the years of thier lives . beside the fact that the cpu hasbecome more affordable ove r the last ten to twenty many people have yet to master the cpu to the point that they can be call wiz - kids

Conjugate Acid Definition in Chemistry

Conjugate Acid Definition in Chemistry Conjugate Acid Definition Conjugate acids and bases are Bronsted-Lowry acid and base pairs, determined by which species gains or loses a proton. When a base dissolves in water, the species that gains a hydrogen (proton) is the bases conjugate acid. Acid Base → Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid In other words, a conjugate acid is the acid member, HX, of a pair of compounds that differ from each other by gain or loss of a proton. A conjugate acid can release or donate a proton. A conjugate base is the name given to the species that remains after the acid has donated its proton. The conjugate base can accept a proton. Conjugate Acid Example When the base ammonia reacts with water, the ammonium cation is the conjugate acid that forms: NH3(g)  Ã‚  H2O(l)  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  NH4(aq)  Ã‚  OH−(aq) Source Zumdahl, Stephen S., Zumdahl, Susan A. (2007). Chemistry. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0618713700.

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2 - Essay Example In some point in time, this has outraged vigilant groups advocating â€Å"Stop Cruelty to Animals†. These groups have marched their way to request the banning of this practice in aid of legislation from government. Now, the stance whether or not, one is in favor of using animals in cosmetic testing or in any other lab experiments still remains a subject of debate. Looking back in time, medical and scientific researches have highlighted their major breakthroughs that saved human lives. The more popular scientific breakthroughs referring to the same, include: â€Å"1950’s – kidney transplant, replacement of heart valves, polio vaccine, hip replacement surgery: 1960’s – heart bypass, drugs to treat mental illness; 1970’s – drugs to treat stomach ulcers, asthma and leukemia; 1980’s- drugs to control transplant rejection, life support systems for premature babies and 1990’s- cloning of Dolly† (Thomassen, et.al., n.d.) . These cited medical discoveries are the same strong justifications raised by those who argue in favor of the use of animals in lab tests.

Issue 9&10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue 9 - Assignment Example The article further argues for an alternative point of view, which is not seeing the concept of effective leadership as gender-oriented instead of competency-oriented (Rao, 2012). HRM experts in companies who have set up opportunities for both men and women to debate serious leadership qualities have assisted them to grow into successful leaders. The representation of women as business leaders in numerous patriarchal cultures is skewed unequally. Issue 9 also includes a response from Ann Pomeroy, who essentially argues that yes, women make better business leaders than men. According to Pomeroy, organizations such as Safeway are making substantial progress in ensuring gender diversity in leading positions (Rao, 2012). Safeway’s diversity approach entails efficient communication, initiatives that concentrate on growing leadership skills, mentoring, and matching work and personal lives. A negative response by Herminia Ibarra and Otilia Obodaru is included in Issue 9, which contends that the assumption that women are underrepresented in leadership roles within organizations is wrong statistically. Ibarra and Obodaru used all-round evaluations for data gathered for five years and discovered that women in fact outdid men in many leadership degrees measured, despite them scoring lower than men did on â€Å"envisioning† (Rao, 2012). Issue 10 questions the existence of the glass ceiling in United States businesses (Rao, 2012). While also using report statistics to support this argument, this article compares their deductions. For instance, Issue 10 suggests that statistics are misleading because women still deal with invisible limits to grow into leaders in their respective professions. Reasons women face these invisible constraints include family responsibilities, career disruptions, inadequate socialization at work through old boys’ network, inability to relocate for career reasons, and an organization’s lack of stable

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example Thus, some biased individuals cannot perform at the highest level, because of their own prejudices. Actually, biases are too powerful triggers of negative energy and emotions. Moreover, employees can be exposed to biases of the managers and employers. In the result of this type of biased context and relations, qualified people can be excluded from their future successful careers or effective performance at work. There are two main categories of biased people. The first group holds a stronger implicit bias and another group of people are less biased. It is possible to differentiate and claim that there are 2 main types of biases: a counter intentional and unconscious bias. In accordance with this classification, even the person with good intentions, reputation and many other positive traits can let his biased ideas and intentions go. Managers are responsible for prevention of biases. For example, they can motivate an employee's performance, involve a superior character of employee's d evelopments and cooperate with employees effectively at different levels. There is a famous case Thomas v. Kodak where an implicit bias was identified. The court claimed that they identified "subjective evaluations which could easily mask covert or unconscious race discrimination" (Banaji, Bazerman & Chugh, 2003). In this case we can consider a corporate liability and creation of a stable basis for prevention of potential biases in the future. One of possible ways out of dealing with biases is the Implicit Association Test. A person can reveal his hidden biased beliefs if he passes this type of test. For example, he can think about association triggered in his head, when he looks at the words connected with images of different people. Data obtained in the result of tests processed... This paper stresses that cognitive loading implies a large number of ethical issues concerning the use of the faking warning. Whether it is a breach of professional ethics or not is a challenging question. Personal issues should be considered and biases can be revealed in the process of test's application. On the basis of obtained results, it is possible for the managers of the organization to define levels of biases classification. However, it is possible to introduce a certain degree of coaching in the Company and conduct further research on various biases. In other words, even if the cases of biases in the organization are identified, it is possible to develop possible strategies to deal with them. It can be claimed that not always application of Item Response Theory may be helpful in identifying biased persons who provided faked answers. In the majority of cases, IRT is based on a mathematical model and the relationship between test-takers' levels on the personality trait being m easured and their ability to choose different types of response of a certain personality test item. This report makes a conclusion that biased prejudices exist in the modern organizations. The basic sources of prejudices and biases are racism and sexism. A person can be biased either intentionally or not. It is relevant to identify a biased nature of a potential employee to foster the organization's progress. Modern society and media pervert moral judgments of people and there is no one to be blamed for biases, but only people. We have developed the world we live in. We have created conditions for biases development and it is on our behalf to deal with social prejudices biases.

Sales Promotions In Mobile Phone Industry In Pakistan Marketing Essay

Sales Promotions In Mobile Phone Industry In Pakistan Marketing Essay Sales promotions are typically viewed as an easily executed means of boosting short-term sales. Sales promotions can be divided into trade promotions, such as those directed at retailers (e.g. margin allowances, slotting and case allowances) and consumer promotions, which include activities such as premiums, coupons, and price offs. I will be using practical examples of retail promotions but I will also cover consumer promotions in detail as well. There are two sales promotional tools namely price-oriented and non-price-oriented promotions. Price oriented promotions include discounts, coupons and rebates. Whereas, non-price-oriented promotions include free samples, sweepstakes, contests, premiums and frequent user programs. Price-oriented promotions are praised for their ability to achieve short-term results such as increasing market share, encouraging brand switching and including product trial usage. Non-price promotions are primarily adopted for their ability to meet such longer-term objectives as enhancing brand image, strengthening brand associations, or increasing brand loyalty. Every brand tries to draw the attention of the consumer by advertisements and price-promotions. As a result, the market is characterised by strong sales peaks that are caused by promotional actions. There has been much interest and discussion concerning the increasing proportion of a brands promotional budget that is being allocated to sales promotion, often at the expense of advertising expenditure. There are a number of reasons for the increase in sales promotion expenditure, such as escalating media costs and media clutter, managerial short-term focus, the increasing demand for managerial accountability, and changes in consumer decision making. Another significant reason for increasing sales promotion expenditure is the change in the balance of power from manufacturer/ service provider to retailer which puts considerable pressure on manufacturers/service providers to offer trade promotions. The basic reason of choosing this area of investigation is its originality and possibility of practical application in the industry. Also, the consumers are demanding something extra and in the future only those companies will survive who delights their customers rather than just satisfying them and sales promotion has the potential to do that. Reason for choosing this area is that there is lack of research on efficiency of sales promotions in this market and I believe it would help the professionals in this regard. 3: Research question/objective The problem that have been identified is that sales promotions are big adds to cost specially in mobile(cellular) service industry, and do not achieve desired benefits if not properly planned, organised and forecasted particularly when market is already saturated and there is a strong competition culture. It does help you move out excessive charges, to try new plans and to increase sales whenever your company needs but it has certain limitations as well, for example it may decrease brand value and is often unpredictable. Additionally, it may create gap. Also, it may be attractable to new customers but they may switch after enjoying the benefits. I have planned to find out how companies operating in mobile phone industry can better utilise the sales promotion tool for the benefit of organization and in turn increase overall profits and brand image. The main objectives of the research are: To justify the benefits of allocated budget to sales promotions. To identify the timing and duration of a perfect sales promotion. Advantages and disadvantages of sales promotions for Telecommunication Industry. 4: Research method Researcher have planned to design a questionnaire based on consumer point of view regarding sales promotions, also intend to conduct survey using questionnaire from Mobilink managers (via e-mail). The sales promotion planning, patterns and feasibility at Mobilink will also be studied in order to support research with practical implications. Combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods will be used and will try to make it more practical rather than theoretical but it will be a combination of literature review and practical applications in industry. The qualitative research will be supported by using a questionnaire filling with managers and customers and utilising observation techniques by getting the customer point of view. For quantitative research, the survey research using questionnaires and will ask the consumers about the consumption patterns in order to compare the before and after effect of sales promotions on buying behaviour. 5: Data Collection and Analysis I have planned to analyse the data by utilising Multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) and will try to find out the association between sales promotional tools and its particular effect on consumer buying behaviour. PEST, SWOT analysis as well as the financial and sales analysis of mobile companies under observation will be conducted. 6: Literature Review Researcher will explore some of the journals written in this regard . The sales promotion typology can be broadly divided into consumer promotions, retailer promotions and trade promotions (Teunter, 2002, Pp. 5). Consumer promotions are offered by manufacturers for consumers in collaboration with retailers and retail promotions are offered by retailers for consumers. Trade promotions are somewhat different because they are offered by manufacturers to influence retailers or other trade entities so that they can be persuaded to sell goods to other parties. All sales promotions are attempts to influence customer behaviour and these marketing efforts try to persuade customers to purchase more of the merchandise that has been included in the promotion effort. Not only do sales promotions offer highlight the merchandise that has been selected for promotion, but they also offer temporary price discounts or other inducements, such as coupons or rebates, that have been designed to enhance con sumer interest and to persuade them to purchase more of selected products. However, non price promotions that offer premiums, membership to users clubs or entry to sweepstakes that can provide a decent prize to a few are useful in enhancing excitement and consumer interest. Price cuts, attractive display, feature highlighting and a combination of all of the previously mentioned attractions are often a part of promotions. Consumers like promotions because these events offer hedonistic pleasures including entertainment, exploration and self expression along with monitory savings and an ability to purchase brand items that may have been unaffordable because of their high regular prices. 5Although published literature related to promotions has indicated that increased promotional spending in the relatively recent past is being questioned as being efficient in terms of its ability to deliver returns, it has to be appreciated that the cost of advertising has also soared above the rate of inflation and it is difficult to reach a wide diversity of consumers effectively with a single advertising message that has to be presented on a constantly increasing plethora of mediums that includes print, television, radio and website etc which attract different segments of the total market population (Teunter, 2002, Pp. 6). A number of theoretical models that attempt to explain customer behaviour in regard to promotions have been presented and these include the economic model, the stimulus response model, the stimulus organism response model and trait theory (Teunter, 2002, Chapter 2). The economic model applied to promotions attempts to explain customer response in terms of a relaxation of their budgets due to reduced prices which makes it possible for them to purchase more of a retail item which may have been appealing, but somewhat out of reach. The stimulus response model applied to sales promotions attempts to explain the impact of promotions on customers in terms of a management of the behavioural learning of customers that attempts to present appropriate cues about purchase behaviour and attitudes towards retail items that are being promoted and which are likely to be copied by consumers. Vicarious learning which takes place by customers as a result of a promotion is expected to encourage new product adoption. Classical conditioning is expected to motivate consumers to act and purchase a retail item that is being promoted, operant conditioning is expected to reinforce the message that a customer needs an item and this also encourages emotional attachment for an item, while the stimulus response organism model attempts to create and translate a customers perceptions of the environment, (attribution, price perception, perceived risk and prospect theory), into actual consumer choice for a retail item. However, it has to be appreciated that efforts to condition consumers in favor of a product costs money and a retailer has to be able to justify the funds that are spent in terms of increased sales, customer loyalty and customer appreciation. Also, promotions are undertaken because if a retailer ceases to indulge in promotions, then some other retailer will do better by offering promotions to customers and this way they are likely to gain an edge on those retailers that are not offering promotions. After all, customers want value for their money and will spend where they are likely to get the most in terms of products, convenience, quality and excitement. Thus, retailers have to somehow determine what they can possibly offer to customers based on their earnings in a manner that is likely to please customers most and hope that their efforts will increase sales and improve customer loyalty. . 7: Practical and ethical issues I think confidentiality of customer data and company specific information will be a big challenge. Gathering accurate data from consumers will be a question mark as well. I will make sure that each and every information I analyse is up-to-date and accurate to the best of my knowledge. Also, I will cross check and confirm each set of data before drawing conclusions based on that. Managing and questionnaire filling with managers will be a big task but I am confident and dedicated to my goal. 8: Plan or timetable I will study and do all the literature review and research first of all followed by survey using questionnaire and managers interviews in the end. I intend to complete each of these major tasks on the following planned dates: TASK TIME Literature Review and Essential reading†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 weeks Online Survey and questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 weeks Compiling and Analysis of data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 weeks. Conclusion and finalizing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 weeks.

health care Essay -- essays research papers

Health care, what some consider being a basic human right, what our country considers to be a privilege to those who have the funds to support it. Unfortunately, today’s American health care system is no longer only negatively affecting the poor and uninsured, but is now affecting middle class suburbia. This paper will focus on the cause and possible solution to the recent upswing in bankruptcy filings due to medical health care costs. Harvard professors Steffie Woolhandler and David Himmelstein, along with Harvard law professor Elizabeth Warren and Ohio University sociology and anthropology professor Deborag Throne compiled statistically accurate data on bankruptcies in the United States. Their published study found that between 1981 and 2001, medical related bankruptcies have increased by an astounding 2,200 percent. This when compared to the 360% growth in all personal bankruptcies during the same period, is simply a figure that cannot go ignored. â€Å"About twenty-five years ago, filing for bankruptcy because of debts from medical problems was virtually unheard of.† (Frosch, 2005) Today medical costs are the second leading cause of personal bankruptcy, topped only by job loss. One factor affecting this rise in personal bankruptcies relating to medical costs is the dramatically increasing health care costs in the United States. â€Å"In 2002 American paid an average of $5440 in medical expenditures, up $419 from the previous year alone.† (Frosch, 2005) The major increases in medical costs can be attributed to technological advancements and the high costs associated with break-through drugs. Capitalism is the driving force of the medication industry. Higher medical costs are the first major factor increasing health care costs. â€Å"What you’re seeing in the bankruptcy numbers is a function of the fact that there is a very thin social safety net in this country in terms of health care.† (Frosch, 2005) Another major factor is the huge spike in the past fifteen years of uninsured Americans. In 2005, there are 45 million uninsured Americans, a jump of 10 million since 1990. The uninsured have always been a humanitarian issue heavily considered when dealing with political reform. There is however a segment of the American population that gets more attention, the middle-class. &... ...ming up with solutions to solve it is very difficult. â€Å"The only real cure for the medical bankruptcy epidemic, according to Physicians for a National Health Program, is national health insurance – a system where coverage isn’t linked employment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Frosch, 2005) I will not claim to understand the economic ramifications in the institution of a nationalized health care system. I will however say that humanity is lacking in American culture. Selfishness continues to be a pervasive force. One argument supporting privatized health care is the quality of care that one receives. Another argument for it is that by having it privatized and as a function of a capitalized system, competitions force drives medical breakthrough rates much higher than anywhere else in the world. I will make my position clear. When it comes to the issue of healthcare, I do not value one human life more than another. I rather see everyone receiving mediocre to good care as compared to our current situation which leaves a tremendous amount of Americans suffering. Frosch, Dan. "Your money or your life: when getting sick means going broke† The Nation, Feb. 21 (2005): v280 i7 p11

Tragic Flaw

and The Flaw By Phanit Asavanamaung 10B Stories are told in many styles, through different medias; all which are to entertain or educate its audience. Christopher Booker, the author of the book ‘The Seven Basic Plots', introduces the idea of the seven basics categories of any story told. The seven basic archetypes are Over Coming the Monster, Rags to Riches, The Quest, Voyage and Return, Comedy, Rebirth and Tragedy. Tragedy as one of the seven archetypes, are found in any type of stories; from the most recent published novel to the almost forgotten ancient myths of the earth.Tragedy is mostly used to describe when there is a death in the story, but which the term ‘tragedy’ can also be used to describe when the character has fallen into a lower state. It is better defined when there is a downfall of the main character in the story. In all the stories which are categorized under tragedy, has one thing in common. It is that those characters have a tragic flaw; that in fluences the character to their downfall. The tragic flaw for each character is different. It is influenced by many factors, such as family and the environment they are exposed to.These influences lead to the death of the eternal love of Romeo and Juliet, or even the life of a school girl, Alaska; in Looking for Alaska. The tragic flaw of a character is influenced by many factors, leading to the character’s downfall. The tragic flaw could be observed when there is a decision to be made, and the wrong choice is taken. The decision took, is influenced by the characters experience and also the condition that they are in. The experience of the character is from their past, about their families and their environment. This could result a tragic flaw to the character by making a scar to the character mentally.If the character was poorly treated in their childhood, or have experienced a traumatic event; this could cause a flaw in the character. At times, when the condition of the cha racter is at its worst, the tragic flaw will influence the character’s decision, and which will eventually lead to the downfall of themselves. There are many type of tragic flaws and which a character may develop more than one flaw. By having more flaws, the character will be likely to be influenced by more events, which will make the character to become more vulnerable, in the tragic state.These flaws could be found since the early myth of Jason, on a quest to find the Golden Fleece, which it also ended up in tragedy. The flaws that are most common are from being treated badly as a child or from being blinded with love. Romeo and Juliet, the famous story of the two ‘star crossed lovers’ of the rivalry between the two families, ending up in tragedy. The reason behind the downfall of the couple is not from the conflict between their families, but it is actually their flaw. According to Chrisxbales papers, it describes the relationship of the two as, ‘are not in love, but in lust’.There are many flaws between the two characters, combination of immaturity and stubbornness. It could be observed that the two characters rushes into things, such as the first encounter of the two. Romeo says,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If I profane with my unworthiest hand / This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: / My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand / To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. † (1. 5. 92-95) The statement shows proof of how at first encounter, Romeo decides to ask Juliet for a kiss, even without knowing each other. This is an evidence of immaturity.Also the two, decides to ignore the advice given from Friar Lawrence, and which they have ended up paying the ultimate price. They also ignore the most obvious of which their relationship is not going to be well, with their family conflict. The main flaw of the Romeo and Juliet is that they are both blinded with love, making them stubborn and immature. The series of events were influen ced by the flaw of the two characters, making them ending up in tragedy. Not only could that tragic flaw be observed in classic stories, but also in modern literature.An example of modern literature would be, Looking for Alaska by John Green. The story is about the life of Miles Halter after he moved to the Culver Creek School. He then narrates of the experience of being with his friends, telling the tragic ending of Alaska Young. Alaska Young was no ordinary school girl, she is the girl who pulls out pranks on everyone and which does all the bad things she is able to do. Once while the group of friends were off smoking, Alaska has stated that,† You guys smoke because it’s fun, but I smoke to die. † This introduces the first flaw of the character.She does not love or care about herself, therefore she will make choices which are bad for herself. Later on, it was then told that Alaska Young has a sad past. In her childhood, she has experienced the death of her mothe r, and which she was blamed by her father of killing her mother. That has created a scar in Alaska, and which she kept on blaming herself on everything that went wrong and that she was failing everyone. She was then found, dead in a car crash attempting to suicide; blaming herself on forgetting her mother’s anniversary.These were the tragic flaw of the character and which it all started by being mistreated in her childhood. The flaw has taken over the character and influenced her daily act. By not being conscious about what is the best choice for the people around and themselves, they would end up with a problem. By not solving the problem properly, other problem will appear. This will continue, until it has reached its worst such as death or the right decision is made. In conclusion, tragedy always ends up with the downfall of the character, which is caused by their tragic flaw.It could be seen through the examples of Romeo and Juliet, and the downfall of Alaska, in Looking for Alaska, that it all started from people around them. Families and friends are most influential on what they will grow up to be like. It is where their future and their fate are decided. By being mistreated or taught to behave badly towards others, it can cause a flaw. The flaw will be hidden in the person, until the time when the person is at a traumatic or panicking state.Each person has a different flaw, and which they may result on developing more than one flaw. As explained, these flaws will influence each person to make a wrong choice. As once stated by Mahatma Ghandi, â€Å"Nobody can hurt me without my permission. † Referring that no one can hurt you, unless you hurt yourself. The quote supports the flaw of the character that it is their own fault that lead to their downfall. In order to reduce the risks of the impact of the flaw of each person, it is important that they are conscious about the decision they are making.This could make the person to be able to think and choose the better choice for themselves and the people around them. Works Cited Green, John. Looking for Alaska: A Novel. New York: Dutton Children's, 2005. Print. â€Å"Quotes About Hurt. † (337 Quotes). N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. goodreads. com/quotes/tag/hurt;. â€Å"Romeo and Juliet's Tragic Flaws. † Romeo and Juliet S Tragic Flaws. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Mar. 2013. ;

Argentinas Demise essays

Argentinas Demise essays There are several reasons why the Argentine economy fell into a state of demise. The creation of a currency board was one of them. It hurt the country's ability to use monetary policy and exchange rate policies that limited the tools the Argentine Government had available for controlling their economy. The board increased the internal stiffness of the economy and made it harder for the economy to respond to incoming hits in good time. Four external hits happened which put the economy into recession; product prices for Argentina stopped climbing, the cost of resources for rising economies rose, the United States Dollar grew stronger, and Brazil, their main trading friend, devalued its currency. After several years of downfall, the economy of Argentina fell at the end of 2001. The effects of it have been hard for millions of people in and out of Argentina. It was even hard for the middle class and more so for the quickly climbing numbers of unemployed and poor. Poverty and unemploym ent went through the roof, and for the people who still had a job, their incomes fell as well. Argentina has a huge debt owed to foreign investors. It has sold off its formerly state-owned companies to corporations and is now counting on its own flow of goods. Many small businesses in Argentina have either gone under or have been gobbled up by bigger firms, both foreign and in their own country. It is kind of funny that in a country that has been one of the world's most important food producers, hunger is becoming a huge problem. In the late 1980s, Argentina was hit by economic unsteadiness. Inflation was very high. In 1989 the Argentine Government started what was called a "free market" path. This began a huge economic "transform" program to allow the economy to let to foreign investments come in and hopefully even out the economy. It connected the value of the Argentine peso to the dollar, one peso to one dollar (known as the Convertibility Plan). Thi...

DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE FILM FROM PLEUROTUS SAJOR-CAJU WASTE Essa

DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE FILM FROM PLEUROTUS SAJOR-CAJU WASTE Essa Full Paper DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE FILM FROM PLEUROTUS SAJOR-CAJU WASTE Hazwani Binti Husain, Ahmad Yazid Bin Rahman, Norshazila Binti Senawi, Yamunasri A/P Kuthiah, Syaliyana Binti Khairudin, Thivya A/P Nadarajah Jabatan Agroteknologi dan Bio-industri, Politeknik Nilai, 71760 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Article history Received 2 July2014 Received in revised form 5 November 2014 Accepted 25 November 2014 *Corresponding author Graphical abstract Abstract The accumulation of waste results in growing concern on the environmental issues all around the world. Enormous researches have been done to convert waste into valuable materials. This research aims to recycle mushroom waste into valuable biofilm. Mushroom waste from Pleurotus sajor-caju harvested from Rumah Cendawan, Politeknik Nilai has been used to develop biofilm which has the potential to be molded into variety of products. A total of 42 formulations have been developed and 14 best formulations have been chosen. The tensile strengths of these 14 biofilms have been tested by using Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine and the biodegradability characteristics of the films have been tested. Variable of positive results observed. In conclusion, biodegradable film from Pleurotus sajor-caju waste can be developed as a better alternative to the existing plastics in the market. Keywords: Pleurotus sajor-caju, waste, biofilm, tensile strength and biodegradable Abstrak Pengumpulan sisa buangan telah meningkatkan kebimbangan tentangi isu-isu alam sekitar di seluruh dunia. Penyelidikan secara besar-besaran telah dilakukan untuk menukar bahan buangan menjadi bahan-bahan berharga. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengitar semula sisa cendawan menjadi biofilem berharga. Sisa buangan cendawan Pleurotus sajor-caju yang dituai dari Rumah Cendawan, Politeknik Nilai telah digunakan untuk membangunkan biofilm yang berpotensi untuk dibentuk menjadi pelbagai produk. Seramai 42 rumusan telah dibangunkan dan 14 formulasi terbaik telah dipilih. Kekuatan tegangan 14 biofilem telah diuji dengan menggunakan Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine dan ciri-ciri biodegredasi filem telah diuji. Kepelbagaian hasil positif diperhatikan. Kesimpulannya , biofilem dari Pleurotus sajor-caju boleh dibangunkan sebagai alternatif yang lebih baik untuk plastik yang sedia ada di pasaran. Kata kunci: Pleurotus sajor-caju, sisa buangan, biofilem, kekuatan tegangan dan terbiodegradasikan 2015 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved 1.0 INTRODUCTION The durability properties which make plastics ideal for many applications can lead to waste disposal problems in the case of traditional petroleum-derived plastics, as these materials are not readily biodegradable. Other than that, petroleum-derived plastics are resistant to microbial degradation thus will accumulate in the environment [1]. For instance, it can take up to one hundred years to degrade only a few grams of plastic (such as polyethylene) under normal environmental conditions. Because plastics cannot be degraded by natural processes in a short period of time, they are left as plastic waste, causing environmental problems [2]. Since last decades, many attempts have been focused on grafting or blending plastic materials with cheap and biodegradable natural biopolymers, such as starch, cellulose and chitin to create new materials with desired properties [3]. In the mushroom industry, a massive amount of the biowaste accumulated during mushroom production and harvesting, mainly consist of stalks and mushrooms of irregular dimensions and shapes. The amount of biowaste obtained can be up to approximately 50,000 metric tons of waste material per year [4]. Wastes left over in the edible mushroom farms can also become free and alternative source of chitin-chitosan materials, beside the traditional industrial source shellfish waste materials. Waste accumulated during mushroom production and harvest consist mainly stalks and mushroom of irregular dimensions and shapes. Waste disposal create environmental problems for producers due to the large volume and volatile degradation products [5]. This research had been done to determine the biodegradability and the tensile strength of biofilm from Pleurotus Sajor-caju waste as a potential plastic replacer. Figure 1: The effects of Force (N) on variety of formulation of biofilms. Figure 2: The biodegradability of various formulations of biofilms. 2.0 EXPERIMENTAL 2.1Materials Rotten mushrooms of Pleurotus sajor caju were obtained from Rumah Cendawan Politeknik Nilai, Negeri Sembilan and all chemicals used in producing the biodegradable film as well as for analytical procedures were of analytical grade or of the highest purity available. Details of chemicals were sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, starch powder and glycerine. 2.2Preparation of Mushroom powder The rotten mushrooms were washed with clean water to remove dirt or other undesirable materials before leave it drying to room temperature. Then the dried mushrooms were ground into powder in a blender then they were sieved and

Fraud is Multifaceted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fraud is Multifaceted - Essay Example The dishonest practices among American business executives are pervasive (Lane & Simpson in Lane & DiStefano, 1988) and rampant in the developing countries because of their capitalistic behavior (Magnis-Suseno, 2000) and in America as well because Americans can be bought and so easily sold (Choate, 1990). Among these executives, â€Å"your competitors use bribes and unless you are willing to meet this standard of competitive practice, you will lose business† (Lane & Simpson in Lane & DiStefano, 1988, 236). On page 237 they stated, â€Å"Bribery increases a product’s costs and often is used to secure import licenses for products that no longer can be sold in the developed world. Such corrupting practices also contribute to the moral disintegration of individuals and eventually the societies† (Ibid). Unfortunately, from the outside looking in, the blame is on government but too often, people see the beam on their brothers’ eyes more while the block in their eyes they cannot remove. Or like the rotten egg, the smell would eventually emerge. They are pointing at government officials of the developing countries or they are being claimed as the corrupt and pay off society (Lane & Simpson in Lane and DiStefano, 1988). Lahmeyer International consulting group was suspended by the World Bank for bribing the Nigeria minister who was taken to court on a charge of fraud. While the minister was charged by the state as fraud, in the early 1990s, more than 100 Americans ex-federal employees including politicians and Congressmen were also charged with fraud and bribery of the US government.

Internet in life Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Internet in life - Research Paper Example However, using a computer today is fun because of the internet. The internet has become such a necessity that it is almost impossible to figure out how our lives would be without it. Since its invention the whole world has become one big community as people are able to communicate with each other despite the distance between them or the different time zones they are in (Rosenberg 22; Tapscott,60) Parents can follow the proceedings of their children’s graduation ceremony through the internet, doctors can communicate with their patients and business executives can have boardroom meetings with colleagues from all over the world. This paper seeks to critically examine the benefits of the internet in our social lives and in sectors like communication, education, economy and politics. Computers have become one of the greatest innovations the world has ever had. They have changed the way people organise, perform, analyse and store their work. Almost every home in the world has at lea st one computer. Today, tasks are performed faster and more efficiently since people are using these machines in executing the tasks. According to Swedin, Gottfrid and Ferro, history of the computer dates back to the nineteenth century when Charles Babbage designed the first computer. The World War II and the Cold War led to the development of digital computers as nations sought to tighten their security. The development of interactive interface SAGE in the United States and connecting computers across the country with ARPANET led to the internet. As people evolve, computers and the internet technologies evolve too (7-9) Swedin and Ferro say that the computer does not organise information like the human brain. Many different jobs can be done simultaneously and the device is able to sort out its files so there is no need for book-keeping. Complex accounting formulas are processed within a very short time. The computer is also able to produce very precise images and graphs and all thi s information can be sent to millions of people across the globe instantly (44) Almasy says that, the internet traces its roots all the way in the 1950’s. In 1973, the U.S. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program, to connect several research databases across the country. In 1988, the Internet began to get the attention in the popular press after the release of the first computer virus at Cornell University. Almasy also notes that 1991 saw the beginning of the transition of the Internet as we know it today. Websites like AOL, Netscape and Webcrawler were invented in the mid 1990’s. Previously, Mosaic and Netscape were the only browsers in use but majority of Americans were still using old methods of communication like the post office. By the mid nineties, a total of four million people in the United States used the browsers each month. Today, Billions of people use the internet each day, some to search the web and others to send em ails. The emergence of social media like Facebook and Twitter has also increased the number of internet users. The internet has become a crucial part of life (Web, 10 December, 2013) The internet has influenced almost all the things done in life today. Houses, furniture, household equipment, dresses and jewellery can be bought online. Not forgetting advertisements that are everywhere on the net. Greenfield discusses the magnitude of how the net has reorganised and reshaped our lives. He has developed a