Essay on Great Expectation Test(Answers) - 2319 Words

Stage I of Pips Expectations: Ch. I to IX Chapter I 1. How does Dickens use setting to convey the mood right at the opening? Charles Dickens uses the imagery of a bleak, unforgiving Nature in his exposition of Great Expectations to convey the mood of fear in Chapter 1. The weather is described as raw and the graveyard a bleak place. The small bundle of shivers is Pip himself, who is terrified by a fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. He is a desperate man, with broken shoes,as he grabs the orphan Pip. . 2. What does Dickens description of the first convict tell us about him? 3. What is surprising about the narrative point-of- view Dickens has adopted? the narrator of Great Expectations†¦show more content†¦This startles the entire family; next, Pips sister goes to get the pork pie. Gratefully, they are distracted by the soldiers. The soldiers have discovered the filed handcuffs; Magwitch had used Joes file to saw them open. The soldiers realize the file must have come from Joes forge. This is awful because then Joe looks guilty, and Pip feels horrible. He has to decide whether or not to confess his crimes. Fortunately, Magwitch covers for him, and he gets off the hook Vocabulary: â€Å"bolting = swallowing without properly chewing (probably an indication of Pips apprehensiveness at the dinner table); â€Å"hulks = former naval vessels now being used as temporary prisons. Chapter III 1. What is surprising about the attitude of the two convicts towards one another? Both the convicts - Magwitch and Compeyson - are sworn enemies and given half a chance they would immediately kill one another. In Ch. 3 both of them have escaped from the prison ships and are in hiding on the marshes waiting for a suitable opportunity to make good their escape. Naturally,they are both tense and nervous and scared of the slightest noise. Their imaginary fears makes them to over react even at the slightest noise or disturbance. 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The Importance Of A Comfort Zone As A Resident Assistant...

Introduction A comfort zone is a relaxing â€Å"safe space† in which people are familiar with because it causes no anxiety or stress. In life, each of us will be in uncomfortable situations that are outside of our comfort zone. However, we have to be become accustomed in environments that are normally perceived as uncomfortable to experience what others may have to deal with on a daily basis. Additionally, this applies to social workers. We may deal with clients or different situations that are out of our comfort zone. However, we must overcome it to be more aware, as well as completing the job to the best of our abilities. For instance, a strongly devoted Baptist African-American male may be uncomfortable attending a LGBT Pride parade due to his beliefs. Nonetheless, this experience may change his perspective on individuals from the LGBT community and cause him to not be as biased or judgmental. 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Emotional Labour Free Essays

string(153) " when describing the publican of a ‘rough working-class pub’ who ‘was behind the bar less often than in front of it’ with his regular customers\." RESEARCH PROPOSAL – EXAMPLE 1 Project Title Emotional Labour and Gender in the Hospitality Industry Research Context The idea that there is an ‘emotional’ aspect to work seems to have only gained academic credence in recent years. Hochschild (1983) originally introduced the concept of emotional labour in her study of flight attendants and bill collectors. Since then various researchers have subsequently expanded the topic to various different types of workers including teachers (Blackmore 1996), nurses (James 1992; O’Brien 1994), lawyers (Pierce 1996), police (Stenross ; Kelinman 1989) and caterers (Phornprapha ; Guerrier 1997). We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional Labour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Emotional labour could be seen as the management or display of appropriate emotions while working, requiring ‘one to induce or suppress feeling in order to sustain the outward countenance that produces the proper state of mind in others. ’ (Hochschild 1983:7). A medium sized chain of English pubs has agreed to participate in the study and will be referred to as the ‘Coaching Inn Company’ The company has grown rapidly, and developed a portfolio of approximately 170 individual units widely spread around England. Most of these outlets offer accommodation and food, often with a relatively low reliance on wet (alcohol) sales, reflecting the apparent trends of the pub-going market towards other revenue generators such as food and accommodation (Williams 1996). The company has a relatively ‘soft’ type of branding, with a number of individual outlets of differing character, each supporting a wide customer base. In the past it had been the policy of head office to give unit managers quite a free hand in the running of their property. However, there has been an increasing level of standardisation in some areas (with more standardised wine lists, menus, and accommodation offers, such as weekend breaks), and a central reservations system was increasingly used for accommodation. This approach to branding, with the unit distinctiveness being valued by head office and seen as a marketing opportunity, provided an early hint about the organisation’s likely approach to emotional labour. Research Aim The project aims to explore the nature of emotional labour in service interaction in United Kingdom public houses, and explore the extent to which it is affected by the gender of individual staff members. Key research objectives 1. To identify the impacts caused by emotional labour among employees involved in pub service. 2. To discover and evaluate coping strategies utilised by service staff engaged in the performance of emotional labour in relation to those suggested by employers, trainers and in the literature. . To recommend measures that could be adopted by organisations and individuals to improve employees’ experience of emotional labour to the benefit of employers, employees and customers. Overview of the Literature Literature There are various different types of emotional labour including ‘personalizing an impersonal relation’ (Hochschild 1983:109), refraining from reacting to abusive behaviour, and maintaining a perpetual, sincere smile’ (Macdonald ; Sirianni 1996:9). Hochschild (1983) introduced the term ‘feeling rules’ to explain emotional norms, although if Scherer’s (1996) definition of emotion, including not only feeling but also neurophysiological responses and motor expression, is to be adopted, the implied dominance of ‘feeling’ should be treated cautiously. Ashforth and Humphrey (1993:89) approach this issue by suggesting that ‘display rules’ is a more appropriate term, as emotional labour appears to be primarily concerned with ‘publicly expressed’ emotions. Both of these concepts appear to have value, although neither, taken individually, satisfactorily includes all the elements of emotion and emotional labour, and a combination of both seems more appropriate. Display rules may seem more useful in the study of the subject, especially from a behaviourist point of view, but to fully understand their nature and impacts, actual feelings, cognition and physiological state should probably be examined as well. Various possible negative impacts of emotional labour on staff have been suggested including job stress (Adelmann 1995) employee burnout (Ledgerwood et al. 997), emotional exhaustion (Wharton 1993), and feeling ‘phony’ when portraying false emotion to customers (Hochschild 1983). It should be pointed out, however, that positive effects of emotional labour have also been suggested with staff often enduring some less pleasant aspects of service work for ‘the chance to interact with other people’ (Riley et al 1998) and gaining satisfaction from such work. Weatherly ; Tanisk (1993) examined various methods used by customer-contact workers to deal with role stress that seem relevant to emotional labour. These include: 1. Actual avoidance of contact, perhaps by avoiding eye contact so as not to have to take an order or deal with a complaint. 2. Reacting to and/or educating the client – Hochschild (1983:127) recounts an incident when a flight attendant was asked by a customer why she wasn’t smiling; she tried to pass the role onto him, asking him to smile and telling him to ‘freeze, and hold that for fifteen hours. ’ 3. Engaging customers (e. g. asking them for help) in the service provision to distract them from making demands. . Mindlessness, relying on scripts and pre-programmed behaviour for fulfilling a role. 5. Over-acting, ascribing their actions to a role rather than themselves as individuals. Public Houses There has been relatively little academic research in the public house sector in recent years. This is of some concern given the considerable size of this part of the hospitality industry – it has been suggested that pubs represent the thir d most popular type of eating out establishment in the UK (Mintel Publications 1991). The public house environment seems likely to require a considerable amount of emotional labour when dealing with customers due to the consumption of alcohol that takes place. This is likely to lead to a level of ‘disinhibition’ (Smith 1985a:32) of customer behaviour that could cause problems for staff. The presence and relatively easy access to alcohol could also result in staff developing drinking problems which may affect their work performance generally and emotionally. Pub landlords seem especially susceptible to the demands of emotional labour as, it can be argued that ‘the publicans’ sociability and relational network is focused around the ‘regulars’ who form the dominant group of users’ (Smith 1985a). This suggests that the publican’s social life is dominated by work contacts, especially since most individuals live on the premises. This was particularly well demonstrated by Smith (1885b:295) when describing the publican of a ‘rough working-class pub’ who ‘was behind the bar less often than in front of it’ with his regular customers. You read "Emotional Labour" in category "Essay examples" Relatively little seems to have been written about other service employees in pubs, although these people are in the front-line of the service encounter, and as such, are likely to be able to offer valuable insights into emotional labour. Gender Gender issues have been addressed in much of the literature dealing with both emotional labour (e. g. Hochschild 1983; Pierce 1996) and pubs/alcohol (e. g. Hey 1986; Hunt ; Satterlee 1987; Gough ; Edwards 1998). Some (if rather dated) literature deals with gender differences in the pub trade. Hey (1986:43), for instance, suggested that the female bar staff member is expected to be a ‘sexually provocative, friendly, sympathetic, and ‘mature’, experienced woman’, while male bar staff ‘wear dark suits, bow ties, shake cocktail mixers and are monstrously efficient. ’ More recently, Folgero ; Fjeldstadt (1995) suggested that women employed in the service industry are likely to be subjected to sexual harassment by both colleagues and customers. Hey (1986:44) considered that women bar staff were expected to be ‘socially available’ and engage in ‘Pseudo-flirtation’ when a customer purchases a drink for them, although suggesting such expectations are limited to female staff appears to disagree with the researchers personal experience when working as a male bar person. Research Design This will be an empirical research. It is proposed to conduct a small number of case studies in a selection of public houses, preferably owned and operated by a single chain. A single case study may produce distorted results, as each pub is likely to have unique characteristics and pubs often have relatively small workforces from which to generate data. A detailed study of a large number of outlets also seems impractical given time and resource limitations. It is suggested that two pubs could be investigated over a two month period, depending on the type of access granted, allowing the researcher sufficient time to develop a reasonable familiarity with each, and generate sufficient and trustworthy data. It should be stressed, however, that this study aims to explore a relatively new area in considerable depth and will not seek to generalise any findings to the public house industry as the case study approach will be adopted in order to understand the phenomena to be studied rather than their ‘incidence’ (Yin 1989:55). Ethnographic techniques will be utilised with the researcher employing participant observation of the individual pubs to be studied. Fetterman (1998:1) described ethnography as ‘the art and science of describing a group or culture,’ relying largely on participant observation (observation by a field-worker who takes part in the daily life of the society being studied) for data gathering, although numerous additional data collection techniques are available to the ethnographer for triangulation purposes. This is based on the idea that, by striving to find the locals’ point of view (Narayan 1993) the field-worker will be suitably equipped to understand why individuals within a social group do what they do, not simply recount observed phenomena. The participant observation will be conducted by working as a front-line bar person in each of the sampled pubs. Although this requires the co-operation of individual unit managers from the chain of public houses, major problems of access are not anticipated given the demand for experienced bar staff. This will enable the researcher to develop an in-depth understanding (Sandiford ; Ap 1998) of the outlets, their staff and the processes involved in the emotional labour conducted in the work environment. The participant observation will not be exclusively conducted in the work setting, as the social activities of staff are likely to provide a more holistic representation of the emotional demands and effects of pub work. Both informal and formal semi-structured interviews will be conducted with customers, service staff, line management and head office management to gain an insight into the views and experiences of different levels of employees throughout the company. Such interviews will also help audit the project’s findings at each stage of the analysis. Given the large number and different types of pubs in the United Kingdom, it is necessary to develop a view of the types of pub to be sampled. Primary consideration will be given to the size of pub, as, given the project’s objectives, it would be inappropriate to spend a long period of observation in a pub operated solely by a management couple with no, or very few, customer service staff. Giving an arbitrary minimum number of service staff at this stage also seems premature, although it is clear that the pubs to be studied should have a sufficient number of service staff, both full and part-time, to enable the researcher to address the research questions effectively. It would be desirable to target a mixture of geographical and demographic pub locations for the study, hopefully including one rural, and one urban setting which would provide different perspectives for the research and result in a variety of service phenomena for analysis. A flexible time plan has been developed, with the two months to review the literature more fully, conduct the pilot study and seek formal access to a pub company for the main study. The next 2 months will be used to collect the data, with on-going analysis, followed by 2 months for completing the analysis and the final report. Ethics Participant observation presents researchers with various ethical dilemmas, as to inform research subjects that they are being investigated can result in them behaving abnormally. However, it is felt that participating in the pubs to be studied for relatively long periods will help the researcher to integrate well into the work team even when known to be a researcher, and allow other members of staff to accept the researcher, thus minimising abnormal behaviour. Customers seem to present more of an ethical question, as it is not practical to explain to each one that they are being observed (Franklin 1985:9). In this project, however, staff and their reactions to the emotional demands of the job are the main foci of attention so it is felt that this is a relatively minor problem. Treatment of the Data The data will take various forms – the researcher will keep a daily personal journal containing field notes, personal observations and reflections on situations that arise; formal (and some informal) interviews will be recorded on audio tape whenever possible, and transcribed to avoid mistakes and mis-interpretations copies of these will be issued to interviewees, when possible, for member checking, following a similar audit trail to that used by Sandiford (1997) especially related to the interpretation of data; relevant company documentation (e. g. raining manuals, policy statements, etc. ) will be examined, if permitted, to provide additional information related to emotional labour within the company. The data will undergo ethnographic analysis in order to develop a full picture of emotional labour. The researcher will follow the framework utilised in his MPhil research (Sandiford 1997) and outlined by Spradley (1980). Such a systematic approach to the analysis, through three major stages, will result in the reconstruction of audited cultural themes related to the phenomenon of emotional labour which will provide the basis for the resultant thesis. Planning See Gantt chart in Appendix A for a breakdown of the activities and the time required to complete them. Resources Required * Main researcher for 6 months, bar experience essential * Typist for 5 days to transcribe interviews * Access to academic library databases and Inter Library Loan * Digital voice recorder to record interviews (? 80) * Laptop to record daily logs while away from home (? 400) * Transport costs to and from Pubs, if pub not local (up to ? 200) * Accommodation if pub not local (? 1600) * Binding (? 100) Risk Analysis Risk| Impact (I)| Prob (P)| I x P| Contingency| 4 week observation can’t be completed| 3| 1| 3| Organise stand-by pub, optionally delay completion of research| Data lost| 3| 1| 3| Ensure regular backups to secure source| Companies/Pubs won’t participate| 3| 2| 6| Establish possibilities early. Take advantage of 1:1 networking opportunities. Solicit help from members of ULMS| Technology fails| 2| 1| 2| Ensure backup solutions are available| Lack of co-operation with bar staff| 3| 1| 3| Ensure they understand the non-threatening nature of the study – not management driven. Provide support and understanding of their situation. | Quality Criteria Interview questions to be approved by supervisor and Head office contact before being used. Minimum of 6 weeks spent observing bar interactions Minimum of 6 interviews with customers Minimum of 8 bar staff interviews (at least 2 part-time and 2 full-time, and at least 3 males and 3 females) Minimum of 2 Bar manager interviews At least 1 interview with head office staff All interview transcripts to be approved by interviewee before being analysed All references to company to be made anonymous before publishing. Dissertation to be written using plain English, 12pt Roman, double spaced, Harvard Referencing, bound in maroon cloth covered boards with gold lettering. Monthly progress updates to supervisor and Head office contact. References Adelmann, P. K. (1995) ‘Emotional Labor as a Potential Source of Job Stress’, in, S. L. Sauter, L. R. Murphy (Eds. ) Organizational risk factors for job stress, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 371-381. Ashforth, B. E. ; Humphrey, R. H. (1993) ‘Emotional Labour in Service Roles: The Influence of Identity’, Academy of Management Review, 18, 1, 88-115. Blackmore, J. 1996) ‘Doing ‘Emotional Labour’ in the Education Market Place: Stories from the Field of Women in Management’, Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 17, 3, 337-349. Fetterman, D. (1998) Ethnography Step bySstep (2nd Ed. ) London: Sage. Folgero, Ingebjorg S. ; Fjeldstadt, Ingrid H. (1995) ‘On Duty  œ Off Guard: Cultural Norms and Sexual Harassment in Service Organizations’, Organization Studies, 16, 2, 299-313Franklin 1985:9). Gough, B. ; Edwards, G. (1998) ‘The Beer Talking: Four Lads, a Carry Out and the Reproduction of Masculinities,’ The Sociological Review, 46, 409-435. Hammersley, M. ; Atkinson, P. (1983) Ethnography: Principles in Practice, London: Routledge. Hey, V. (1986) Patriarchy and Pub Culture, London: Tavistock. Hochschild, A. R. , (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. University of California Press, London. Hunt, Geoffrey ; Satterlee, Saundra (1987) Darts, Drink and the Pub: The Culture of Female Drinking,’ Sociological Review, 35, 3, Aug, 575-601 James, N. (1992) ‘Care = Organisation + Physical Labour + Emotional Labour’ Sociology of Health and Illness, 14: 4, Dec, 488-509. Ledgerwood, C. E. , Crotts, J. C. amp; Everett, A. M. (1998) ‘Antecedents of Employee Burnout in the Hotel Industry’, Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4, 31-44. Macdonald, C. L. ; Sirianni, C. (Eds. ) (1996) Working in the Service Society, Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Mintel Publications (1991) ‘Eating out,’ Leisure-Intelligence, 1, 1-28. Narayan, K. (1993), ‘How Native Is A Native Anthropologist? ’ American Anthropologist. Vol. 95, No. 3, pp. 671-686 O’Brien, M. (1994) ‘The Managed Heart Revisited: Health and Social Control’, Sociological-Review, 42: 3, Aug, 393-413 Phornprapha, S. Guerrier, Y. 1997) ‘Restaurant Staff and their Supervisors: The Management of Emotions’, paper presented at The Fourth Recent Advances in Retailing and Services Science Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona, 30 June-3 July. Pierce, J. (1996) ‘Rambo Litigators: Emotional Labour in a Male-Dominated Occupation’, in C. Cheng, (Ed. ) Masculinities in Organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 1-28 Riley, M. , Lockwood. , A. , Powel-Perry, J. , Baker, M. (1988) ‘Job Satisfaction, Organisation Commitment and Occupational Culture: A Case from the UK Pub Industry’, Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4. 59-168 Sandiford, P. J. Ap, J. (1998) ‘The Role of Ethnographic Techniques in Touris m Planning. ’ Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 37, No. 1, August 1998, 3-11 Sandiford, P. J. (1997), Social and Cultural Impacts of Imported Labour at the New Chek Lap Kok Airport Development, Hong Kong, Unpublished M. Phil Thesis, The Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Scherer, K. R. (1996) ‘Emotion’, in M. Hewstone, W. Stroebe G. M. Stephenson (Eds) Introduction to Social Psychology, 2nd. Ed. , Oxford: Blackwell Smith, M. A. (1985a) ‘The Publican: Role Conflict and Aspects of Social Control,’ Service Industries Journal, 5: 1 March, 23-36. Smith, M. A. (1985b) ‘A Participant Observer Study of a ‘Rough’ Working-Class Pub,’ Leisure Studies, 4, 3, Sept, 293-306 Spradley, J. P. (1980) Participant Observation, Orlando: Rinehart and Winston Stenross, B. Kleinman, S. (1989) ‘The Highs and Lows of Emotional Labor: Detectives’ Encounters with Criminals and Victims’, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 17, 4, January, 435-452 Weatherly, Kristopher A. Tansik, David A. 1993) ‘Tactics Used by Customer-Contact Workers: Effects of Role Stress, Boundary Spanning and Control’, International Journal of Service Industry Management, 4, 3, 4-17 Wharton, A. S. (1993) ‘The Affective Consequences of Service Work: Managing Emotions on the Job,’ Work and Occupations, 20, 2, May, 205-232 Williams, C. E. (1996) ‘The British Pub: An Indus try in Transition,’ Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 37, 6, 62-73. Yin, R. K. (1989) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, London: Sage. Appendix A – Project Plan How to cite Emotional Labour, Essay examples

Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss the Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative and Quantitative research Methodologies identifying the Major Characteristics of both Methodologies. Answer: Introduction: Quantitative and qualitative methods are the significant part of any research study. It allows the study to accumulate required information about the research topic in an appropriate manner. Qualitative research reflects a process of gaining deeper understanding about the research topic. On the other hand, quantitative research focuses on capturing number regarding the relevant aspect of the research topic (Bernard and Bernard 2012). Researcher selects between qualitative and quantitative approach based on the objective and topic of the research. Traditionally, qualitative research focuses on broad topic covering huge area. Conversely, quantitative research allows narrowing down the research topic towards specific direction. Both qualitative and quantitative research approach has its own strengths and weaknesses. For that reason, selection of research process is extremely critical to fulfill all the requirements of a research topic comprehensively. Many research studies have also use d both the research methods for completing all the requirements of the research topic. This essay will discuss qualitative and quantitative research methodology concepts in an in-depth manner. It will provide a clear understanding regarding the way qualitative and quantitative methods create positive impact on the outcome. It will also clarify the differences between qualitative and quantitative research technique by highlighting all the characteristics clearly. Discussion: Quantitative study requires utilizing effective development of decisions regarding the type of samples or case it will have to select for completing research goals and objectives in an efficient manner. It helps the study to include data that can be expressed in terms of numeric forms. Traditionally, quantitative methods refer to the use of standardize questionnaires that covers all aspect of the research topic. It allows the research study to translate all the collected data about the research topic into numeric number. However, researcher needs to be extremely careful at the time of developing questionnaires about the research topic. Otherwise, it will be very difficult to fulfill all the research objectives in an effective manner (Lampard and Pole 2015). In case of quantitative method, the prime focus is provided on the developing questionnaires with closed end questions so that the responses from the respondents can be transformed into the numeric numbers. Moreover, appropriate u se of sampling technique is also required for fulfilling the objectives of the research topic. Now, quantitative method allows researcher the opportunity to use both non-probability and probability sampling technique for capturing data about the research topic. Therefore, the selection of sampling technique in quantitative method heavily depends on the nature of the research topic. In case of quantitative method, majority of the time researcher focuses on utilizing large size sample for identifying the trend about the research outcome comprehensively (Creswell 2013). Quantitative methods allow the research study to establish correlation between outcomes and given variables. It also provides the opportunity identifying trends about the research topic in a comprehensive manner. For that reason, it helps the study to validate original findings of the research study in a comprehensive manner. On the other hand, qualitative methods starts with a reflection or self-assessment about themselves as established in a social historical context. Qualitative methods do not focus on narrow downing the research on specific areas. Rather it considers the theoretical philosophical paradigm in an inquisitive open-ended framework. It refers to a specific range of data collection and analysis technique with the use of purposive sampling, semi-structured, and open-ended questionnaires (Wisdom et al. 2012). Inclusion of open-ended questionnaire or semi-structured questionnaire will help the research study to cover all aspect of the research topic in a comprehensive manner. Similar to the quantitative methods, qualitative study also focuses on development of new concept as well as help to establish new theories relevant to the research outcomes. Qualitative methods provide respondents the opportunity to express their knowledge, thoughts and believe about the research topic in an effective ma nner. For that reason, it induces research studies to focus on broad area at the same time. In addition, as the qualitative data does not depend on the numeric values, it helps the research studies to provide different perspectives of the outcome (Berger 2015). However, qualitative research methods often require comparatively more time for fulfilling the research outcomes. It also requires more time and support from the respondents for capturing in-depth views and perspectives about the research topic. Therefore, researcher has to focus on different aspect at the time of selecting any specific research methods for fulfilling all the research aims and objectives. As per the article by Davies and Hughes (2014) four types of quantitative research design including descriptive design, quasi-experimental, correlation and experimental are available that studies can utilize for fulfilling all the requirements in an effective manner. Descriptive design focuses on describing the status of a phenomenon or variable. Descriptive design helps the research study in developing appropriate hypothesis relevant to the research topic. Now, hypothesis development allows the study to create a proper direction in fulfilling all the requirements in an appropriate manner. Correlation design helps the research study to explore relationship between different variables associated with the research topic. It allows the quantitative study to identify the probable impact a particular factor can have on the overall process of the topic (McNabb 2015). This design allows the research study to estimate the exact amount of impact a change in particular factor will have on over all outcome of the research study. On the other hand, quasi-experimental design focuses on identifying the cause effect of a relationship between two variables. Therefore, it helps the quantitative study to identify the independent and dependent factors related to the research study in an effective manner. It also allows the study to evaluate more than two factors simultaneously, which eventually add value to the overall outcome of the study. As illustrated by Mertens (2014) effective understanding of independent and dependent factors help the study to create a systematic procedure for the successful completion of the study with the given time period. Finally, experimental design focuses on establishing the relationship between groups of variables related to the research topic. For that reason, experimental design also viewed as the extension of quasi-experimental design. The availability of different quantitative design allows the researcher to select best possible technique for fu lfilling all the aims and objectives of the research topic. On the other hand, Morgan (2013) have illustrated five types of qualitative research methods including ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory and case study analysis that can help any study to cover all aspect of the research topic. However, all the categories of qualitative research methods use more or less similar data collection technique that includes interviews, observation and reviewing technique. Still, the use of different types of qualitative methods allows the study to use different types of usability test. Ethnography research is arguably the most acceptable and familiar type of qualitative research method. The root of ethnography is from cultural anthropology where researchers engross themselves within a specific culture. It allows the researchers to consider themselves as participant observer. Narrative approach focuses on assessing the sequences of specific events. It induces researchers to conduct interviews, include summary of different documents so that it can add value to the overall outcome of the study (Hartas 2015). Narrative approach is best suited for developing a specific persona using mix methods of in-depth interviews with individuals and segmentation analysis from surveys. Phenomenological design focuses on describing a specific phenomenon or incident based on interviews, video, and documents. In this design, researcher heavily depends on the information shared by the respondents. For that reason, it encourages respondents to provide insight of their thoughts, beliefs and perspective regarding the topic of the research. Unlike other qualitative methods, phenomenological study does not start with a well-developed hypothesis. In fact, it focuses on developing analyzing different themes for validating the findings from the data collection procedure (Ragin 2014). Grounded theory focuses on providing in-depth explanation regarding the occurrence of a particular event. It induces researchers to focus on axial coding and series of open techniques for the identification of appropriate theme related to the research study. Finally, case study analysis of qualitative methods focuses on analyzing a specific case study to fulfill the initial aims and objectives of a particular research outcome. Case study analysis focuses on evaluating all the factors associated with the selected case in a comprehensive manner (Punch 2013). For that reason, case study analysis focuses on developing in-depth interviews with the selected respondents in order to cover all areas of the research study. As described by Smith (2015) the best research methods between quantitative and qualitative is debatable, as different literature has highlighted different positive and negative aspect of using both the methods. Quantitative methods provide the opportunity to use numbers or statistics to cover all aspect of the research aims and objectives. It helps quantitative methods to include statistical tools like mean, median and mode for analyzing the captured information accurately. It has also helped to introduce techniques SPSS for achieving all aims and objectives of the research study comprehensively. For that reason, many studies have recommended quantitative research methods for fulfilling all the aims and objectives of the research study. On the contrary, Ritchie et al. (2013) have mentioned that quantitative research methods heavily depends on numbers and does not include human beliefs and perception about the research study. Therefore, it often fails to illustrate actual condition o f research topic in an appropriate manner. Still, inclusion of numbers has allowed quantitative study to utilize different statistical tools and techniques for analyzing the collected data about the research topic. On the hand, inclusion of qualitative methods does not allow to introduce any statistical tools within the research that might create adverse impact on the way entire activities associated with the research methods are performed within the research framework. However, inclusion of statistical tools and technique also increases the probability of error calculation that can have major impact on the overall outcome of the study. As per the article by Venkatesh, Brown and Bala (2013) qualitative data collection technique heavily depends on the selected respondents. For that reason, it induces researchers to remain extremely careful at the time of selecting any particular sample for the research study. Therefore, it increases the time required for performing all the activities associated with the research procedure for fulfilling all the aims and objectives associated with the research topic in an effective manner. On the other hand, random sampling or probability sampling often is used in the quantitative methods. Therefore, it does not require too much time for selecting a particular sample size for the collection of quantitative data. As per the article by Allwood (2012), effective use of quantitative research methods allows the study to have specific outcome about the research topic. Therefore, it allows the study to remain focused towards fulfilling all the aims and objectives associated with the research topic. On the other hand, qualitative research methods primarily focus on achieving vast outcome about the research topic. It often misdirects the researcher towards wrong path that can have affect on the overall outcome of the study. For instance, proper recording of the information provided by the respondents at the time of in-depth interview process is also extremely critical. Otherwise, it would definitely create adverse impact on the successful fulfillment of the research procedures. On the other hand, online survey or survey with closed-end questionnaires helps the research study to record all the provided data by the respondents comprehensively. Conclusion: The above illustration has highlighted the fact that both qualitative and quantitative research methods have positive and negative aspect. Therefore, researchers will have to perform utilize both the research methodologies in such way so that it can create maximum positive impact on the successful completion of the study. However, the above illustration has highlighted that no such clear advantage or disadvantage, any particular research methods have above each other. For that reason, research methods will have to be selected based on the research topic. Otherwise, it will be extremely difficult to fulfill all the requirements associated with the research topic comprehensively. References: Allwood, C.M., 2012. The distinction between qualitative and quantitative research methods is problematic.Quality Quantity,46(5), pp.1417-1429. Berger, A.A., 2015.Media and communication research methods: An introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage Publications. Bernard, H.R. and Bernard, H.R., 2012.Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Davies, M.B. and Hughes, N., 2014.Doing a successful research project: Using qualitative or quantitative methods. Palgrave Macmillan. Hartas, D. ed., 2015.Educational research and inquiry: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Bloomsbury Publishing. Lampard, R. and Pole, C., 2015.Practical social investigation: Qualitative and quantitative methods in social research. Routledge. McNabb, D.E., 2015.Research methods for political science: Quantitative and qualitative methods. Routledge. Mertens, D.M., 2014.Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. Morgan, D.L., 2013.Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods: A pragmatic approach. Sage publications. Punch, K.F., 2013.Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Ragin, C.C., 2014.The comparative method: Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies. Univ of California Press. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Venkatesh, V., Brown, S.A. and Bala, H., 2013. Bridging the qualitative-quantitative divide: Guidelines for conducting mixed methods research in information systems.MIS quarterly,37(1), pp.21-54. Wisdom, J.P., Cavaleri, M.A., Onwuegbuzie, A.J. and Green, C.A., 2012. Methodological reporting in qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods health services research articles.Health services research,47(2), pp.721-745.