Essay on Great Expectation Test(Answers) - 2319 Words

Stage I of Pips Expectations: Ch. I to IX Chapter I 1. How does Dickens use setting to convey the mood right at the opening? Charles Dickens uses the imagery of a bleak, unforgiving Nature in his exposition of Great Expectations to convey the mood of fear in Chapter 1. The weather is described as raw and the graveyard a bleak place. The small bundle of shivers is Pip himself, who is terrified by a fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. He is a desperate man, with broken shoes,as he grabs the orphan Pip. . 2. What does Dickens description of the first convict tell us about him? 3. What is surprising about the narrative point-of- view Dickens has adopted? the narrator of Great Expectations†¦show more content†¦This startles the entire family; next, Pips sister goes to get the pork pie. Gratefully, they are distracted by the soldiers. The soldiers have discovered the filed handcuffs; Magwitch had used Joes file to saw them open. The soldiers realize the file must have come from Joes forge. This is awful because then Joe looks guilty, and Pip feels horrible. He has to decide whether or not to confess his crimes. Fortunately, Magwitch covers for him, and he gets off the hook Vocabulary: â€Å"bolting = swallowing without properly chewing (probably an indication of Pips apprehensiveness at the dinner table); â€Å"hulks = former naval vessels now being used as temporary prisons. Chapter III 1. What is surprising about the attitude of the two convicts towards one another? Both the convicts - Magwitch and Compeyson - are sworn enemies and given half a chance they would immediately kill one another. In Ch. 3 both of them have escaped from the prison ships and are in hiding on the marshes waiting for a suitable opportunity to make good their escape. Naturally,they are both tense and nervous and scared of the slightest noise. Their imaginary fears makes them to over react even at the slightest noise or disturbance. 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The Importance Of A Comfort Zone As A Resident Assistant...

Introduction A comfort zone is a relaxing â€Å"safe space† in which people are familiar with because it causes no anxiety or stress. In life, each of us will be in uncomfortable situations that are outside of our comfort zone. However, we have to be become accustomed in environments that are normally perceived as uncomfortable to experience what others may have to deal with on a daily basis. Additionally, this applies to social workers. We may deal with clients or different situations that are out of our comfort zone. However, we must overcome it to be more aware, as well as completing the job to the best of our abilities. For instance, a strongly devoted Baptist African-American male may be uncomfortable attending a LGBT Pride parade due to his beliefs. Nonetheless, this experience may change his perspective on individuals from the LGBT community and cause him to not be as biased or judgmental. 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Emotional Labour Free Essays

string(153) " when describing the publican of a ‘rough working-class pub’ who ‘was behind the bar less often than in front of it’ with his regular customers\." RESEARCH PROPOSAL – EXAMPLE 1 Project Title Emotional Labour and Gender in the Hospitality Industry Research Context The idea that there is an ‘emotional’ aspect to work seems to have only gained academic credence in recent years. Hochschild (1983) originally introduced the concept of emotional labour in her study of flight attendants and bill collectors. Since then various researchers have subsequently expanded the topic to various different types of workers including teachers (Blackmore 1996), nurses (James 1992; O’Brien 1994), lawyers (Pierce 1996), police (Stenross ; Kelinman 1989) and caterers (Phornprapha ; Guerrier 1997). We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional Labour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Emotional labour could be seen as the management or display of appropriate emotions while working, requiring ‘one to induce or suppress feeling in order to sustain the outward countenance that produces the proper state of mind in others. ’ (Hochschild 1983:7). A medium sized chain of English pubs has agreed to participate in the study and will be referred to as the ‘Coaching Inn Company’ The company has grown rapidly, and developed a portfolio of approximately 170 individual units widely spread around England. Most of these outlets offer accommodation and food, often with a relatively low reliance on wet (alcohol) sales, reflecting the apparent trends of the pub-going market towards other revenue generators such as food and accommodation (Williams 1996). The company has a relatively ‘soft’ type of branding, with a number of individual outlets of differing character, each supporting a wide customer base. In the past it had been the policy of head office to give unit managers quite a free hand in the running of their property. However, there has been an increasing level of standardisation in some areas (with more standardised wine lists, menus, and accommodation offers, such as weekend breaks), and a central reservations system was increasingly used for accommodation. This approach to branding, with the unit distinctiveness being valued by head office and seen as a marketing opportunity, provided an early hint about the organisation’s likely approach to emotional labour. Research Aim The project aims to explore the nature of emotional labour in service interaction in United Kingdom public houses, and explore the extent to which it is affected by the gender of individual staff members. Key research objectives 1. To identify the impacts caused by emotional labour among employees involved in pub service. 2. To discover and evaluate coping strategies utilised by service staff engaged in the performance of emotional labour in relation to those suggested by employers, trainers and in the literature. . To recommend measures that could be adopted by organisations and individuals to improve employees’ experience of emotional labour to the benefit of employers, employees and customers. Overview of the Literature Literature There are various different types of emotional labour including ‘personalizing an impersonal relation’ (Hochschild 1983:109), refraining from reacting to abusive behaviour, and maintaining a perpetual, sincere smile’ (Macdonald ; Sirianni 1996:9). Hochschild (1983) introduced the term ‘feeling rules’ to explain emotional norms, although if Scherer’s (1996) definition of emotion, including not only feeling but also neurophysiological responses and motor expression, is to be adopted, the implied dominance of ‘feeling’ should be treated cautiously. Ashforth and Humphrey (1993:89) approach this issue by suggesting that ‘display rules’ is a more appropriate term, as emotional labour appears to be primarily concerned with ‘publicly expressed’ emotions. Both of these concepts appear to have value, although neither, taken individually, satisfactorily includes all the elements of emotion and emotional labour, and a combination of both seems more appropriate. Display rules may seem more useful in the study of the subject, especially from a behaviourist point of view, but to fully understand their nature and impacts, actual feelings, cognition and physiological state should probably be examined as well. Various possible negative impacts of emotional labour on staff have been suggested including job stress (Adelmann 1995) employee burnout (Ledgerwood et al. 997), emotional exhaustion (Wharton 1993), and feeling ‘phony’ when portraying false emotion to customers (Hochschild 1983). It should be pointed out, however, that positive effects of emotional labour have also been suggested with staff often enduring some less pleasant aspects of service work for ‘the chance to interact with other people’ (Riley et al 1998) and gaining satisfaction from such work. Weatherly ; Tanisk (1993) examined various methods used by customer-contact workers to deal with role stress that seem relevant to emotional labour. These include: 1. Actual avoidance of contact, perhaps by avoiding eye contact so as not to have to take an order or deal with a complaint. 2. Reacting to and/or educating the client – Hochschild (1983:127) recounts an incident when a flight attendant was asked by a customer why she wasn’t smiling; she tried to pass the role onto him, asking him to smile and telling him to ‘freeze, and hold that for fifteen hours. ’ 3. Engaging customers (e. g. asking them for help) in the service provision to distract them from making demands. . Mindlessness, relying on scripts and pre-programmed behaviour for fulfilling a role. 5. Over-acting, ascribing their actions to a role rather than themselves as individuals. Public Houses There has been relatively little academic research in the public house sector in recent years. This is of some concern given the considerable size of this part of the hospitality industry – it has been suggested that pubs represent the thir d most popular type of eating out establishment in the UK (Mintel Publications 1991). The public house environment seems likely to require a considerable amount of emotional labour when dealing with customers due to the consumption of alcohol that takes place. This is likely to lead to a level of ‘disinhibition’ (Smith 1985a:32) of customer behaviour that could cause problems for staff. The presence and relatively easy access to alcohol could also result in staff developing drinking problems which may affect their work performance generally and emotionally. Pub landlords seem especially susceptible to the demands of emotional labour as, it can be argued that ‘the publicans’ sociability and relational network is focused around the ‘regulars’ who form the dominant group of users’ (Smith 1985a). This suggests that the publican’s social life is dominated by work contacts, especially since most individuals live on the premises. This was particularly well demonstrated by Smith (1885b:295) when describing the publican of a ‘rough working-class pub’ who ‘was behind the bar less often than in front of it’ with his regular customers. You read "Emotional Labour" in category "Essay examples" Relatively little seems to have been written about other service employees in pubs, although these people are in the front-line of the service encounter, and as such, are likely to be able to offer valuable insights into emotional labour. Gender Gender issues have been addressed in much of the literature dealing with both emotional labour (e. g. Hochschild 1983; Pierce 1996) and pubs/alcohol (e. g. Hey 1986; Hunt ; Satterlee 1987; Gough ; Edwards 1998). Some (if rather dated) literature deals with gender differences in the pub trade. Hey (1986:43), for instance, suggested that the female bar staff member is expected to be a ‘sexually provocative, friendly, sympathetic, and ‘mature’, experienced woman’, while male bar staff ‘wear dark suits, bow ties, shake cocktail mixers and are monstrously efficient. ’ More recently, Folgero ; Fjeldstadt (1995) suggested that women employed in the service industry are likely to be subjected to sexual harassment by both colleagues and customers. Hey (1986:44) considered that women bar staff were expected to be ‘socially available’ and engage in ‘Pseudo-flirtation’ when a customer purchases a drink for them, although suggesting such expectations are limited to female staff appears to disagree with the researchers personal experience when working as a male bar person. Research Design This will be an empirical research. It is proposed to conduct a small number of case studies in a selection of public houses, preferably owned and operated by a single chain. A single case study may produce distorted results, as each pub is likely to have unique characteristics and pubs often have relatively small workforces from which to generate data. A detailed study of a large number of outlets also seems impractical given time and resource limitations. It is suggested that two pubs could be investigated over a two month period, depending on the type of access granted, allowing the researcher sufficient time to develop a reasonable familiarity with each, and generate sufficient and trustworthy data. It should be stressed, however, that this study aims to explore a relatively new area in considerable depth and will not seek to generalise any findings to the public house industry as the case study approach will be adopted in order to understand the phenomena to be studied rather than their ‘incidence’ (Yin 1989:55). Ethnographic techniques will be utilised with the researcher employing participant observation of the individual pubs to be studied. Fetterman (1998:1) described ethnography as ‘the art and science of describing a group or culture,’ relying largely on participant observation (observation by a field-worker who takes part in the daily life of the society being studied) for data gathering, although numerous additional data collection techniques are available to the ethnographer for triangulation purposes. This is based on the idea that, by striving to find the locals’ point of view (Narayan 1993) the field-worker will be suitably equipped to understand why individuals within a social group do what they do, not simply recount observed phenomena. The participant observation will be conducted by working as a front-line bar person in each of the sampled pubs. Although this requires the co-operation of individual unit managers from the chain of public houses, major problems of access are not anticipated given the demand for experienced bar staff. This will enable the researcher to develop an in-depth understanding (Sandiford ; Ap 1998) of the outlets, their staff and the processes involved in the emotional labour conducted in the work environment. The participant observation will not be exclusively conducted in the work setting, as the social activities of staff are likely to provide a more holistic representation of the emotional demands and effects of pub work. Both informal and formal semi-structured interviews will be conducted with customers, service staff, line management and head office management to gain an insight into the views and experiences of different levels of employees throughout the company. Such interviews will also help audit the project’s findings at each stage of the analysis. Given the large number and different types of pubs in the United Kingdom, it is necessary to develop a view of the types of pub to be sampled. Primary consideration will be given to the size of pub, as, given the project’s objectives, it would be inappropriate to spend a long period of observation in a pub operated solely by a management couple with no, or very few, customer service staff. Giving an arbitrary minimum number of service staff at this stage also seems premature, although it is clear that the pubs to be studied should have a sufficient number of service staff, both full and part-time, to enable the researcher to address the research questions effectively. It would be desirable to target a mixture of geographical and demographic pub locations for the study, hopefully including one rural, and one urban setting which would provide different perspectives for the research and result in a variety of service phenomena for analysis. A flexible time plan has been developed, with the two months to review the literature more fully, conduct the pilot study and seek formal access to a pub company for the main study. The next 2 months will be used to collect the data, with on-going analysis, followed by 2 months for completing the analysis and the final report. Ethics Participant observation presents researchers with various ethical dilemmas, as to inform research subjects that they are being investigated can result in them behaving abnormally. However, it is felt that participating in the pubs to be studied for relatively long periods will help the researcher to integrate well into the work team even when known to be a researcher, and allow other members of staff to accept the researcher, thus minimising abnormal behaviour. Customers seem to present more of an ethical question, as it is not practical to explain to each one that they are being observed (Franklin 1985:9). In this project, however, staff and their reactions to the emotional demands of the job are the main foci of attention so it is felt that this is a relatively minor problem. Treatment of the Data The data will take various forms – the researcher will keep a daily personal journal containing field notes, personal observations and reflections on situations that arise; formal (and some informal) interviews will be recorded on audio tape whenever possible, and transcribed to avoid mistakes and mis-interpretations copies of these will be issued to interviewees, when possible, for member checking, following a similar audit trail to that used by Sandiford (1997) especially related to the interpretation of data; relevant company documentation (e. g. raining manuals, policy statements, etc. ) will be examined, if permitted, to provide additional information related to emotional labour within the company. The data will undergo ethnographic analysis in order to develop a full picture of emotional labour. The researcher will follow the framework utilised in his MPhil research (Sandiford 1997) and outlined by Spradley (1980). Such a systematic approach to the analysis, through three major stages, will result in the reconstruction of audited cultural themes related to the phenomenon of emotional labour which will provide the basis for the resultant thesis. Planning See Gantt chart in Appendix A for a breakdown of the activities and the time required to complete them. Resources Required * Main researcher for 6 months, bar experience essential * Typist for 5 days to transcribe interviews * Access to academic library databases and Inter Library Loan * Digital voice recorder to record interviews (? 80) * Laptop to record daily logs while away from home (? 400) * Transport costs to and from Pubs, if pub not local (up to ? 200) * Accommodation if pub not local (? 1600) * Binding (? 100) Risk Analysis Risk| Impact (I)| Prob (P)| I x P| Contingency| 4 week observation can’t be completed| 3| 1| 3| Organise stand-by pub, optionally delay completion of research| Data lost| 3| 1| 3| Ensure regular backups to secure source| Companies/Pubs won’t participate| 3| 2| 6| Establish possibilities early. Take advantage of 1:1 networking opportunities. Solicit help from members of ULMS| Technology fails| 2| 1| 2| Ensure backup solutions are available| Lack of co-operation with bar staff| 3| 1| 3| Ensure they understand the non-threatening nature of the study – not management driven. Provide support and understanding of their situation. | Quality Criteria Interview questions to be approved by supervisor and Head office contact before being used. Minimum of 6 weeks spent observing bar interactions Minimum of 6 interviews with customers Minimum of 8 bar staff interviews (at least 2 part-time and 2 full-time, and at least 3 males and 3 females) Minimum of 2 Bar manager interviews At least 1 interview with head office staff All interview transcripts to be approved by interviewee before being analysed All references to company to be made anonymous before publishing. Dissertation to be written using plain English, 12pt Roman, double spaced, Harvard Referencing, bound in maroon cloth covered boards with gold lettering. Monthly progress updates to supervisor and Head office contact. References Adelmann, P. K. (1995) ‘Emotional Labor as a Potential Source of Job Stress’, in, S. L. Sauter, L. R. Murphy (Eds. ) Organizational risk factors for job stress, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 371-381. Ashforth, B. E. ; Humphrey, R. H. (1993) ‘Emotional Labour in Service Roles: The Influence of Identity’, Academy of Management Review, 18, 1, 88-115. Blackmore, J. 1996) ‘Doing ‘Emotional Labour’ in the Education Market Place: Stories from the Field of Women in Management’, Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 17, 3, 337-349. Fetterman, D. (1998) Ethnography Step bySstep (2nd Ed. ) London: Sage. Folgero, Ingebjorg S. ; Fjeldstadt, Ingrid H. (1995) ‘On Duty  œ Off Guard: Cultural Norms and Sexual Harassment in Service Organizations’, Organization Studies, 16, 2, 299-313Franklin 1985:9). Gough, B. ; Edwards, G. (1998) ‘The Beer Talking: Four Lads, a Carry Out and the Reproduction of Masculinities,’ The Sociological Review, 46, 409-435. Hammersley, M. ; Atkinson, P. (1983) Ethnography: Principles in Practice, London: Routledge. Hey, V. (1986) Patriarchy and Pub Culture, London: Tavistock. Hochschild, A. R. , (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. University of California Press, London. Hunt, Geoffrey ; Satterlee, Saundra (1987) Darts, Drink and the Pub: The Culture of Female Drinking,’ Sociological Review, 35, 3, Aug, 575-601 James, N. (1992) ‘Care = Organisation + Physical Labour + Emotional Labour’ Sociology of Health and Illness, 14: 4, Dec, 488-509. Ledgerwood, C. E. , Crotts, J. C. amp; Everett, A. M. (1998) ‘Antecedents of Employee Burnout in the Hotel Industry’, Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4, 31-44. Macdonald, C. L. ; Sirianni, C. (Eds. ) (1996) Working in the Service Society, Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Mintel Publications (1991) ‘Eating out,’ Leisure-Intelligence, 1, 1-28. Narayan, K. (1993), ‘How Native Is A Native Anthropologist? ’ American Anthropologist. Vol. 95, No. 3, pp. 671-686 O’Brien, M. (1994) ‘The Managed Heart Revisited: Health and Social Control’, Sociological-Review, 42: 3, Aug, 393-413 Phornprapha, S. Guerrier, Y. 1997) ‘Restaurant Staff and their Supervisors: The Management of Emotions’, paper presented at The Fourth Recent Advances in Retailing and Services Science Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona, 30 June-3 July. Pierce, J. (1996) ‘Rambo Litigators: Emotional Labour in a Male-Dominated Occupation’, in C. Cheng, (Ed. ) Masculinities in Organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 1-28 Riley, M. , Lockwood. , A. , Powel-Perry, J. , Baker, M. (1988) ‘Job Satisfaction, Organisation Commitment and Occupational Culture: A Case from the UK Pub Industry’, Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4. 59-168 Sandiford, P. J. Ap, J. (1998) ‘The Role of Ethnographic Techniques in Touris m Planning. ’ Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 37, No. 1, August 1998, 3-11 Sandiford, P. J. (1997), Social and Cultural Impacts of Imported Labour at the New Chek Lap Kok Airport Development, Hong Kong, Unpublished M. Phil Thesis, The Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Scherer, K. R. (1996) ‘Emotion’, in M. Hewstone, W. Stroebe G. M. Stephenson (Eds) Introduction to Social Psychology, 2nd. Ed. , Oxford: Blackwell Smith, M. A. (1985a) ‘The Publican: Role Conflict and Aspects of Social Control,’ Service Industries Journal, 5: 1 March, 23-36. Smith, M. A. (1985b) ‘A Participant Observer Study of a ‘Rough’ Working-Class Pub,’ Leisure Studies, 4, 3, Sept, 293-306 Spradley, J. P. (1980) Participant Observation, Orlando: Rinehart and Winston Stenross, B. Kleinman, S. (1989) ‘The Highs and Lows of Emotional Labor: Detectives’ Encounters with Criminals and Victims’, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 17, 4, January, 435-452 Weatherly, Kristopher A. Tansik, David A. 1993) ‘Tactics Used by Customer-Contact Workers: Effects of Role Stress, Boundary Spanning and Control’, International Journal of Service Industry Management, 4, 3, 4-17 Wharton, A. S. (1993) ‘The Affective Consequences of Service Work: Managing Emotions on the Job,’ Work and Occupations, 20, 2, May, 205-232 Williams, C. E. (1996) ‘The British Pub: An Indus try in Transition,’ Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 37, 6, 62-73. Yin, R. K. (1989) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, London: Sage. Appendix A – Project Plan How to cite Emotional Labour, Essay examples

Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss the Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative and Quantitative research Methodologies identifying the Major Characteristics of both Methodologies. Answer: Introduction: Quantitative and qualitative methods are the significant part of any research study. It allows the study to accumulate required information about the research topic in an appropriate manner. Qualitative research reflects a process of gaining deeper understanding about the research topic. On the other hand, quantitative research focuses on capturing number regarding the relevant aspect of the research topic (Bernard and Bernard 2012). Researcher selects between qualitative and quantitative approach based on the objective and topic of the research. Traditionally, qualitative research focuses on broad topic covering huge area. Conversely, quantitative research allows narrowing down the research topic towards specific direction. Both qualitative and quantitative research approach has its own strengths and weaknesses. For that reason, selection of research process is extremely critical to fulfill all the requirements of a research topic comprehensively. Many research studies have also use d both the research methods for completing all the requirements of the research topic. This essay will discuss qualitative and quantitative research methodology concepts in an in-depth manner. It will provide a clear understanding regarding the way qualitative and quantitative methods create positive impact on the outcome. It will also clarify the differences between qualitative and quantitative research technique by highlighting all the characteristics clearly. Discussion: Quantitative study requires utilizing effective development of decisions regarding the type of samples or case it will have to select for completing research goals and objectives in an efficient manner. It helps the study to include data that can be expressed in terms of numeric forms. Traditionally, quantitative methods refer to the use of standardize questionnaires that covers all aspect of the research topic. It allows the research study to translate all the collected data about the research topic into numeric number. However, researcher needs to be extremely careful at the time of developing questionnaires about the research topic. Otherwise, it will be very difficult to fulfill all the research objectives in an effective manner (Lampard and Pole 2015). In case of quantitative method, the prime focus is provided on the developing questionnaires with closed end questions so that the responses from the respondents can be transformed into the numeric numbers. Moreover, appropriate u se of sampling technique is also required for fulfilling the objectives of the research topic. Now, quantitative method allows researcher the opportunity to use both non-probability and probability sampling technique for capturing data about the research topic. Therefore, the selection of sampling technique in quantitative method heavily depends on the nature of the research topic. In case of quantitative method, majority of the time researcher focuses on utilizing large size sample for identifying the trend about the research outcome comprehensively (Creswell 2013). Quantitative methods allow the research study to establish correlation between outcomes and given variables. It also provides the opportunity identifying trends about the research topic in a comprehensive manner. For that reason, it helps the study to validate original findings of the research study in a comprehensive manner. On the other hand, qualitative methods starts with a reflection or self-assessment about themselves as established in a social historical context. Qualitative methods do not focus on narrow downing the research on specific areas. Rather it considers the theoretical philosophical paradigm in an inquisitive open-ended framework. It refers to a specific range of data collection and analysis technique with the use of purposive sampling, semi-structured, and open-ended questionnaires (Wisdom et al. 2012). Inclusion of open-ended questionnaire or semi-structured questionnaire will help the research study to cover all aspect of the research topic in a comprehensive manner. Similar to the quantitative methods, qualitative study also focuses on development of new concept as well as help to establish new theories relevant to the research outcomes. Qualitative methods provide respondents the opportunity to express their knowledge, thoughts and believe about the research topic in an effective ma nner. For that reason, it induces research studies to focus on broad area at the same time. In addition, as the qualitative data does not depend on the numeric values, it helps the research studies to provide different perspectives of the outcome (Berger 2015). However, qualitative research methods often require comparatively more time for fulfilling the research outcomes. It also requires more time and support from the respondents for capturing in-depth views and perspectives about the research topic. Therefore, researcher has to focus on different aspect at the time of selecting any specific research methods for fulfilling all the research aims and objectives. As per the article by Davies and Hughes (2014) four types of quantitative research design including descriptive design, quasi-experimental, correlation and experimental are available that studies can utilize for fulfilling all the requirements in an effective manner. Descriptive design focuses on describing the status of a phenomenon or variable. Descriptive design helps the research study in developing appropriate hypothesis relevant to the research topic. Now, hypothesis development allows the study to create a proper direction in fulfilling all the requirements in an appropriate manner. Correlation design helps the research study to explore relationship between different variables associated with the research topic. It allows the quantitative study to identify the probable impact a particular factor can have on the overall process of the topic (McNabb 2015). This design allows the research study to estimate the exact amount of impact a change in particular factor will have on over all outcome of the research study. On the other hand, quasi-experimental design focuses on identifying the cause effect of a relationship between two variables. Therefore, it helps the quantitative study to identify the independent and dependent factors related to the research study in an effective manner. It also allows the study to evaluate more than two factors simultaneously, which eventually add value to the overall outcome of the study. As illustrated by Mertens (2014) effective understanding of independent and dependent factors help the study to create a systematic procedure for the successful completion of the study with the given time period. Finally, experimental design focuses on establishing the relationship between groups of variables related to the research topic. For that reason, experimental design also viewed as the extension of quasi-experimental design. The availability of different quantitative design allows the researcher to select best possible technique for fu lfilling all the aims and objectives of the research topic. On the other hand, Morgan (2013) have illustrated five types of qualitative research methods including ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory and case study analysis that can help any study to cover all aspect of the research topic. However, all the categories of qualitative research methods use more or less similar data collection technique that includes interviews, observation and reviewing technique. Still, the use of different types of qualitative methods allows the study to use different types of usability test. Ethnography research is arguably the most acceptable and familiar type of qualitative research method. The root of ethnography is from cultural anthropology where researchers engross themselves within a specific culture. It allows the researchers to consider themselves as participant observer. Narrative approach focuses on assessing the sequences of specific events. It induces researchers to conduct interviews, include summary of different documents so that it can add value to the overall outcome of the study (Hartas 2015). Narrative approach is best suited for developing a specific persona using mix methods of in-depth interviews with individuals and segmentation analysis from surveys. Phenomenological design focuses on describing a specific phenomenon or incident based on interviews, video, and documents. In this design, researcher heavily depends on the information shared by the respondents. For that reason, it encourages respondents to provide insight of their thoughts, beliefs and perspective regarding the topic of the research. Unlike other qualitative methods, phenomenological study does not start with a well-developed hypothesis. In fact, it focuses on developing analyzing different themes for validating the findings from the data collection procedure (Ragin 2014). Grounded theory focuses on providing in-depth explanation regarding the occurrence of a particular event. It induces researchers to focus on axial coding and series of open techniques for the identification of appropriate theme related to the research study. Finally, case study analysis of qualitative methods focuses on analyzing a specific case study to fulfill the initial aims and objectives of a particular research outcome. Case study analysis focuses on evaluating all the factors associated with the selected case in a comprehensive manner (Punch 2013). For that reason, case study analysis focuses on developing in-depth interviews with the selected respondents in order to cover all areas of the research study. As described by Smith (2015) the best research methods between quantitative and qualitative is debatable, as different literature has highlighted different positive and negative aspect of using both the methods. Quantitative methods provide the opportunity to use numbers or statistics to cover all aspect of the research aims and objectives. It helps quantitative methods to include statistical tools like mean, median and mode for analyzing the captured information accurately. It has also helped to introduce techniques SPSS for achieving all aims and objectives of the research study comprehensively. For that reason, many studies have recommended quantitative research methods for fulfilling all the aims and objectives of the research study. On the contrary, Ritchie et al. (2013) have mentioned that quantitative research methods heavily depends on numbers and does not include human beliefs and perception about the research study. Therefore, it often fails to illustrate actual condition o f research topic in an appropriate manner. Still, inclusion of numbers has allowed quantitative study to utilize different statistical tools and techniques for analyzing the collected data about the research topic. On the hand, inclusion of qualitative methods does not allow to introduce any statistical tools within the research that might create adverse impact on the way entire activities associated with the research methods are performed within the research framework. However, inclusion of statistical tools and technique also increases the probability of error calculation that can have major impact on the overall outcome of the study. As per the article by Venkatesh, Brown and Bala (2013) qualitative data collection technique heavily depends on the selected respondents. For that reason, it induces researchers to remain extremely careful at the time of selecting any particular sample for the research study. Therefore, it increases the time required for performing all the activities associated with the research procedure for fulfilling all the aims and objectives associated with the research topic in an effective manner. On the other hand, random sampling or probability sampling often is used in the quantitative methods. Therefore, it does not require too much time for selecting a particular sample size for the collection of quantitative data. As per the article by Allwood (2012), effective use of quantitative research methods allows the study to have specific outcome about the research topic. Therefore, it allows the study to remain focused towards fulfilling all the aims and objectives associated with the research topic. On the other hand, qualitative research methods primarily focus on achieving vast outcome about the research topic. It often misdirects the researcher towards wrong path that can have affect on the overall outcome of the study. For instance, proper recording of the information provided by the respondents at the time of in-depth interview process is also extremely critical. Otherwise, it would definitely create adverse impact on the successful fulfillment of the research procedures. On the other hand, online survey or survey with closed-end questionnaires helps the research study to record all the provided data by the respondents comprehensively. Conclusion: The above illustration has highlighted the fact that both qualitative and quantitative research methods have positive and negative aspect. Therefore, researchers will have to perform utilize both the research methodologies in such way so that it can create maximum positive impact on the successful completion of the study. However, the above illustration has highlighted that no such clear advantage or disadvantage, any particular research methods have above each other. For that reason, research methods will have to be selected based on the research topic. Otherwise, it will be extremely difficult to fulfill all the requirements associated with the research topic comprehensively. References: Allwood, C.M., 2012. The distinction between qualitative and quantitative research methods is problematic.Quality Quantity,46(5), pp.1417-1429. Berger, A.A., 2015.Media and communication research methods: An introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage Publications. Bernard, H.R. and Bernard, H.R., 2012.Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Davies, M.B. and Hughes, N., 2014.Doing a successful research project: Using qualitative or quantitative methods. Palgrave Macmillan. Hartas, D. ed., 2015.Educational research and inquiry: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Bloomsbury Publishing. Lampard, R. and Pole, C., 2015.Practical social investigation: Qualitative and quantitative methods in social research. Routledge. McNabb, D.E., 2015.Research methods for political science: Quantitative and qualitative methods. Routledge. Mertens, D.M., 2014.Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. Morgan, D.L., 2013.Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods: A pragmatic approach. Sage publications. Punch, K.F., 2013.Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Ragin, C.C., 2014.The comparative method: Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies. Univ of California Press. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Venkatesh, V., Brown, S.A. and Bala, H., 2013. Bridging the qualitative-quantitative divide: Guidelines for conducting mixed methods research in information systems.MIS quarterly,37(1), pp.21-54. Wisdom, J.P., Cavaleri, M.A., Onwuegbuzie, A.J. and Green, C.A., 2012. Methodological reporting in qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods health services research articles.Health services research,47(2), pp.721-745.

In This Paper I Wiil Attempt To Show You That Computers Have Affected

In this paper I wiil attempt to show you that computers have affected people in so many ways over the pass twenty -to twentyfive years. all by just playing a important role in our. over the past twenty we as an society have became very independent on a special electronical device, which is very well known as a computer. they have imediately won our hearts and mine since the first day that they have made their entrance into our homes. they have become to be one the second most reliaible thinginside of a house hold besides the oven our microwave the cpu is the one thing that people think willlast them through out the years of thier lives . beside the fact that the cpu hasbecome more affordable ove r the last ten to twenty many people have yet to master the cpu to the point that they can be call wiz - kids

Conjugate Acid Definition in Chemistry

Conjugate Acid Definition in Chemistry Conjugate Acid Definition Conjugate acids and bases are Bronsted-Lowry acid and base pairs, determined by which species gains or loses a proton. When a base dissolves in water, the species that gains a hydrogen (proton) is the bases conjugate acid. Acid Base → Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid In other words, a conjugate acid is the acid member, HX, of a pair of compounds that differ from each other by gain or loss of a proton. A conjugate acid can release or donate a proton. A conjugate base is the name given to the species that remains after the acid has donated its proton. The conjugate base can accept a proton. Conjugate Acid Example When the base ammonia reacts with water, the ammonium cation is the conjugate acid that forms: NH3(g)  Ã‚  H2O(l)  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  NH4(aq)  Ã‚  OH−(aq) Source Zumdahl, Stephen S., Zumdahl, Susan A. (2007). Chemistry. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0618713700.

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2 - Essay Example In some point in time, this has outraged vigilant groups advocating â€Å"Stop Cruelty to Animals†. These groups have marched their way to request the banning of this practice in aid of legislation from government. Now, the stance whether or not, one is in favor of using animals in cosmetic testing or in any other lab experiments still remains a subject of debate. Looking back in time, medical and scientific researches have highlighted their major breakthroughs that saved human lives. The more popular scientific breakthroughs referring to the same, include: â€Å"1950’s – kidney transplant, replacement of heart valves, polio vaccine, hip replacement surgery: 1960’s – heart bypass, drugs to treat mental illness; 1970’s – drugs to treat stomach ulcers, asthma and leukemia; 1980’s- drugs to control transplant rejection, life support systems for premature babies and 1990’s- cloning of Dolly† (Thomassen, et.al., n.d.) . These cited medical discoveries are the same strong justifications raised by those who argue in favor of the use of animals in lab tests.

Issue 9&10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue 9 - Assignment Example The article further argues for an alternative point of view, which is not seeing the concept of effective leadership as gender-oriented instead of competency-oriented (Rao, 2012). HRM experts in companies who have set up opportunities for both men and women to debate serious leadership qualities have assisted them to grow into successful leaders. The representation of women as business leaders in numerous patriarchal cultures is skewed unequally. Issue 9 also includes a response from Ann Pomeroy, who essentially argues that yes, women make better business leaders than men. According to Pomeroy, organizations such as Safeway are making substantial progress in ensuring gender diversity in leading positions (Rao, 2012). Safeway’s diversity approach entails efficient communication, initiatives that concentrate on growing leadership skills, mentoring, and matching work and personal lives. A negative response by Herminia Ibarra and Otilia Obodaru is included in Issue 9, which contends that the assumption that women are underrepresented in leadership roles within organizations is wrong statistically. Ibarra and Obodaru used all-round evaluations for data gathered for five years and discovered that women in fact outdid men in many leadership degrees measured, despite them scoring lower than men did on â€Å"envisioning† (Rao, 2012). Issue 10 questions the existence of the glass ceiling in United States businesses (Rao, 2012). While also using report statistics to support this argument, this article compares their deductions. For instance, Issue 10 suggests that statistics are misleading because women still deal with invisible limits to grow into leaders in their respective professions. Reasons women face these invisible constraints include family responsibilities, career disruptions, inadequate socialization at work through old boys’ network, inability to relocate for career reasons, and an organization’s lack of stable

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example Thus, some biased individuals cannot perform at the highest level, because of their own prejudices. Actually, biases are too powerful triggers of negative energy and emotions. Moreover, employees can be exposed to biases of the managers and employers. In the result of this type of biased context and relations, qualified people can be excluded from their future successful careers or effective performance at work. There are two main categories of biased people. The first group holds a stronger implicit bias and another group of people are less biased. It is possible to differentiate and claim that there are 2 main types of biases: a counter intentional and unconscious bias. In accordance with this classification, even the person with good intentions, reputation and many other positive traits can let his biased ideas and intentions go. Managers are responsible for prevention of biases. For example, they can motivate an employee's performance, involve a superior character of employee's d evelopments and cooperate with employees effectively at different levels. There is a famous case Thomas v. Kodak where an implicit bias was identified. The court claimed that they identified "subjective evaluations which could easily mask covert or unconscious race discrimination" (Banaji, Bazerman & Chugh, 2003). In this case we can consider a corporate liability and creation of a stable basis for prevention of potential biases in the future. One of possible ways out of dealing with biases is the Implicit Association Test. A person can reveal his hidden biased beliefs if he passes this type of test. For example, he can think about association triggered in his head, when he looks at the words connected with images of different people. Data obtained in the result of tests processed... This paper stresses that cognitive loading implies a large number of ethical issues concerning the use of the faking warning. Whether it is a breach of professional ethics or not is a challenging question. Personal issues should be considered and biases can be revealed in the process of test's application. On the basis of obtained results, it is possible for the managers of the organization to define levels of biases classification. However, it is possible to introduce a certain degree of coaching in the Company and conduct further research on various biases. In other words, even if the cases of biases in the organization are identified, it is possible to develop possible strategies to deal with them. It can be claimed that not always application of Item Response Theory may be helpful in identifying biased persons who provided faked answers. In the majority of cases, IRT is based on a mathematical model and the relationship between test-takers' levels on the personality trait being m easured and their ability to choose different types of response of a certain personality test item. This report makes a conclusion that biased prejudices exist in the modern organizations. The basic sources of prejudices and biases are racism and sexism. A person can be biased either intentionally or not. It is relevant to identify a biased nature of a potential employee to foster the organization's progress. Modern society and media pervert moral judgments of people and there is no one to be blamed for biases, but only people. We have developed the world we live in. We have created conditions for biases development and it is on our behalf to deal with social prejudices biases.

Sales Promotions In Mobile Phone Industry In Pakistan Marketing Essay

Sales Promotions In Mobile Phone Industry In Pakistan Marketing Essay Sales promotions are typically viewed as an easily executed means of boosting short-term sales. Sales promotions can be divided into trade promotions, such as those directed at retailers (e.g. margin allowances, slotting and case allowances) and consumer promotions, which include activities such as premiums, coupons, and price offs. I will be using practical examples of retail promotions but I will also cover consumer promotions in detail as well. There are two sales promotional tools namely price-oriented and non-price-oriented promotions. Price oriented promotions include discounts, coupons and rebates. Whereas, non-price-oriented promotions include free samples, sweepstakes, contests, premiums and frequent user programs. Price-oriented promotions are praised for their ability to achieve short-term results such as increasing market share, encouraging brand switching and including product trial usage. Non-price promotions are primarily adopted for their ability to meet such longer-term objectives as enhancing brand image, strengthening brand associations, or increasing brand loyalty. Every brand tries to draw the attention of the consumer by advertisements and price-promotions. As a result, the market is characterised by strong sales peaks that are caused by promotional actions. There has been much interest and discussion concerning the increasing proportion of a brands promotional budget that is being allocated to sales promotion, often at the expense of advertising expenditure. There are a number of reasons for the increase in sales promotion expenditure, such as escalating media costs and media clutter, managerial short-term focus, the increasing demand for managerial accountability, and changes in consumer decision making. Another significant reason for increasing sales promotion expenditure is the change in the balance of power from manufacturer/ service provider to retailer which puts considerable pressure on manufacturers/service providers to offer trade promotions. The basic reason of choosing this area of investigation is its originality and possibility of practical application in the industry. Also, the consumers are demanding something extra and in the future only those companies will survive who delights their customers rather than just satisfying them and sales promotion has the potential to do that. Reason for choosing this area is that there is lack of research on efficiency of sales promotions in this market and I believe it would help the professionals in this regard. 3: Research question/objective The problem that have been identified is that sales promotions are big adds to cost specially in mobile(cellular) service industry, and do not achieve desired benefits if not properly planned, organised and forecasted particularly when market is already saturated and there is a strong competition culture. It does help you move out excessive charges, to try new plans and to increase sales whenever your company needs but it has certain limitations as well, for example it may decrease brand value and is often unpredictable. Additionally, it may create gap. Also, it may be attractable to new customers but they may switch after enjoying the benefits. I have planned to find out how companies operating in mobile phone industry can better utilise the sales promotion tool for the benefit of organization and in turn increase overall profits and brand image. The main objectives of the research are: To justify the benefits of allocated budget to sales promotions. To identify the timing and duration of a perfect sales promotion. Advantages and disadvantages of sales promotions for Telecommunication Industry. 4: Research method Researcher have planned to design a questionnaire based on consumer point of view regarding sales promotions, also intend to conduct survey using questionnaire from Mobilink managers (via e-mail). The sales promotion planning, patterns and feasibility at Mobilink will also be studied in order to support research with practical implications. Combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods will be used and will try to make it more practical rather than theoretical but it will be a combination of literature review and practical applications in industry. The qualitative research will be supported by using a questionnaire filling with managers and customers and utilising observation techniques by getting the customer point of view. For quantitative research, the survey research using questionnaires and will ask the consumers about the consumption patterns in order to compare the before and after effect of sales promotions on buying behaviour. 5: Data Collection and Analysis I have planned to analyse the data by utilising Multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) and will try to find out the association between sales promotional tools and its particular effect on consumer buying behaviour. PEST, SWOT analysis as well as the financial and sales analysis of mobile companies under observation will be conducted. 6: Literature Review Researcher will explore some of the journals written in this regard . The sales promotion typology can be broadly divided into consumer promotions, retailer promotions and trade promotions (Teunter, 2002, Pp. 5). Consumer promotions are offered by manufacturers for consumers in collaboration with retailers and retail promotions are offered by retailers for consumers. Trade promotions are somewhat different because they are offered by manufacturers to influence retailers or other trade entities so that they can be persuaded to sell goods to other parties. All sales promotions are attempts to influence customer behaviour and these marketing efforts try to persuade customers to purchase more of the merchandise that has been included in the promotion effort. Not only do sales promotions offer highlight the merchandise that has been selected for promotion, but they also offer temporary price discounts or other inducements, such as coupons or rebates, that have been designed to enhance con sumer interest and to persuade them to purchase more of selected products. However, non price promotions that offer premiums, membership to users clubs or entry to sweepstakes that can provide a decent prize to a few are useful in enhancing excitement and consumer interest. Price cuts, attractive display, feature highlighting and a combination of all of the previously mentioned attractions are often a part of promotions. Consumers like promotions because these events offer hedonistic pleasures including entertainment, exploration and self expression along with monitory savings and an ability to purchase brand items that may have been unaffordable because of their high regular prices. 5Although published literature related to promotions has indicated that increased promotional spending in the relatively recent past is being questioned as being efficient in terms of its ability to deliver returns, it has to be appreciated that the cost of advertising has also soared above the rate of inflation and it is difficult to reach a wide diversity of consumers effectively with a single advertising message that has to be presented on a constantly increasing plethora of mediums that includes print, television, radio and website etc which attract different segments of the total market population (Teunter, 2002, Pp. 6). A number of theoretical models that attempt to explain customer behaviour in regard to promotions have been presented and these include the economic model, the stimulus response model, the stimulus organism response model and trait theory (Teunter, 2002, Chapter 2). The economic model applied to promotions attempts to explain customer response in terms of a relaxation of their budgets due to reduced prices which makes it possible for them to purchase more of a retail item which may have been appealing, but somewhat out of reach. The stimulus response model applied to sales promotions attempts to explain the impact of promotions on customers in terms of a management of the behavioural learning of customers that attempts to present appropriate cues about purchase behaviour and attitudes towards retail items that are being promoted and which are likely to be copied by consumers. Vicarious learning which takes place by customers as a result of a promotion is expected to encourage new product adoption. Classical conditioning is expected to motivate consumers to act and purchase a retail item that is being promoted, operant conditioning is expected to reinforce the message that a customer needs an item and this also encourages emotional attachment for an item, while the stimulus response organism model attempts to create and translate a customers perceptions of the environment, (attribution, price perception, perceived risk and prospect theory), into actual consumer choice for a retail item. However, it has to be appreciated that efforts to condition consumers in favor of a product costs money and a retailer has to be able to justify the funds that are spent in terms of increased sales, customer loyalty and customer appreciation. Also, promotions are undertaken because if a retailer ceases to indulge in promotions, then some other retailer will do better by offering promotions to customers and this way they are likely to gain an edge on those retailers that are not offering promotions. After all, customers want value for their money and will spend where they are likely to get the most in terms of products, convenience, quality and excitement. Thus, retailers have to somehow determine what they can possibly offer to customers based on their earnings in a manner that is likely to please customers most and hope that their efforts will increase sales and improve customer loyalty. . 7: Practical and ethical issues I think confidentiality of customer data and company specific information will be a big challenge. Gathering accurate data from consumers will be a question mark as well. I will make sure that each and every information I analyse is up-to-date and accurate to the best of my knowledge. Also, I will cross check and confirm each set of data before drawing conclusions based on that. Managing and questionnaire filling with managers will be a big task but I am confident and dedicated to my goal. 8: Plan or timetable I will study and do all the literature review and research first of all followed by survey using questionnaire and managers interviews in the end. I intend to complete each of these major tasks on the following planned dates: TASK TIME Literature Review and Essential reading†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 weeks Online Survey and questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 weeks Compiling and Analysis of data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 weeks. Conclusion and finalizing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 weeks.

health care Essay -- essays research papers

Health care, what some consider being a basic human right, what our country considers to be a privilege to those who have the funds to support it. Unfortunately, today’s American health care system is no longer only negatively affecting the poor and uninsured, but is now affecting middle class suburbia. This paper will focus on the cause and possible solution to the recent upswing in bankruptcy filings due to medical health care costs. Harvard professors Steffie Woolhandler and David Himmelstein, along with Harvard law professor Elizabeth Warren and Ohio University sociology and anthropology professor Deborag Throne compiled statistically accurate data on bankruptcies in the United States. Their published study found that between 1981 and 2001, medical related bankruptcies have increased by an astounding 2,200 percent. This when compared to the 360% growth in all personal bankruptcies during the same period, is simply a figure that cannot go ignored. â€Å"About twenty-five years ago, filing for bankruptcy because of debts from medical problems was virtually unheard of.† (Frosch, 2005) Today medical costs are the second leading cause of personal bankruptcy, topped only by job loss. One factor affecting this rise in personal bankruptcies relating to medical costs is the dramatically increasing health care costs in the United States. â€Å"In 2002 American paid an average of $5440 in medical expenditures, up $419 from the previous year alone.† (Frosch, 2005) The major increases in medical costs can be attributed to technological advancements and the high costs associated with break-through drugs. Capitalism is the driving force of the medication industry. Higher medical costs are the first major factor increasing health care costs. â€Å"What you’re seeing in the bankruptcy numbers is a function of the fact that there is a very thin social safety net in this country in terms of health care.† (Frosch, 2005) Another major factor is the huge spike in the past fifteen years of uninsured Americans. In 2005, there are 45 million uninsured Americans, a jump of 10 million since 1990. The uninsured have always been a humanitarian issue heavily considered when dealing with political reform. There is however a segment of the American population that gets more attention, the middle-class. &... ...ming up with solutions to solve it is very difficult. â€Å"The only real cure for the medical bankruptcy epidemic, according to Physicians for a National Health Program, is national health insurance – a system where coverage isn’t linked employment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Frosch, 2005) I will not claim to understand the economic ramifications in the institution of a nationalized health care system. I will however say that humanity is lacking in American culture. Selfishness continues to be a pervasive force. One argument supporting privatized health care is the quality of care that one receives. Another argument for it is that by having it privatized and as a function of a capitalized system, competitions force drives medical breakthrough rates much higher than anywhere else in the world. I will make my position clear. When it comes to the issue of healthcare, I do not value one human life more than another. I rather see everyone receiving mediocre to good care as compared to our current situation which leaves a tremendous amount of Americans suffering. Frosch, Dan. "Your money or your life: when getting sick means going broke† The Nation, Feb. 21 (2005): v280 i7 p11

Tragic Flaw

and The Flaw By Phanit Asavanamaung 10B Stories are told in many styles, through different medias; all which are to entertain or educate its audience. Christopher Booker, the author of the book ‘The Seven Basic Plots', introduces the idea of the seven basics categories of any story told. The seven basic archetypes are Over Coming the Monster, Rags to Riches, The Quest, Voyage and Return, Comedy, Rebirth and Tragedy. Tragedy as one of the seven archetypes, are found in any type of stories; from the most recent published novel to the almost forgotten ancient myths of the earth.Tragedy is mostly used to describe when there is a death in the story, but which the term ‘tragedy’ can also be used to describe when the character has fallen into a lower state. It is better defined when there is a downfall of the main character in the story. In all the stories which are categorized under tragedy, has one thing in common. It is that those characters have a tragic flaw; that in fluences the character to their downfall. The tragic flaw for each character is different. It is influenced by many factors, such as family and the environment they are exposed to.These influences lead to the death of the eternal love of Romeo and Juliet, or even the life of a school girl, Alaska; in Looking for Alaska. The tragic flaw of a character is influenced by many factors, leading to the character’s downfall. The tragic flaw could be observed when there is a decision to be made, and the wrong choice is taken. The decision took, is influenced by the characters experience and also the condition that they are in. The experience of the character is from their past, about their families and their environment. This could result a tragic flaw to the character by making a scar to the character mentally.If the character was poorly treated in their childhood, or have experienced a traumatic event; this could cause a flaw in the character. At times, when the condition of the cha racter is at its worst, the tragic flaw will influence the character’s decision, and which will eventually lead to the downfall of themselves. There are many type of tragic flaws and which a character may develop more than one flaw. By having more flaws, the character will be likely to be influenced by more events, which will make the character to become more vulnerable, in the tragic state.These flaws could be found since the early myth of Jason, on a quest to find the Golden Fleece, which it also ended up in tragedy. The flaws that are most common are from being treated badly as a child or from being blinded with love. Romeo and Juliet, the famous story of the two ‘star crossed lovers’ of the rivalry between the two families, ending up in tragedy. The reason behind the downfall of the couple is not from the conflict between their families, but it is actually their flaw. According to Chrisxbales papers, it describes the relationship of the two as, ‘are not in love, but in lust’.There are many flaws between the two characters, combination of immaturity and stubbornness. It could be observed that the two characters rushes into things, such as the first encounter of the two. Romeo says,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If I profane with my unworthiest hand / This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: / My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand / To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. † (1. 5. 92-95) The statement shows proof of how at first encounter, Romeo decides to ask Juliet for a kiss, even without knowing each other. This is an evidence of immaturity.Also the two, decides to ignore the advice given from Friar Lawrence, and which they have ended up paying the ultimate price. They also ignore the most obvious of which their relationship is not going to be well, with their family conflict. The main flaw of the Romeo and Juliet is that they are both blinded with love, making them stubborn and immature. The series of events were influen ced by the flaw of the two characters, making them ending up in tragedy. Not only could that tragic flaw be observed in classic stories, but also in modern literature.An example of modern literature would be, Looking for Alaska by John Green. The story is about the life of Miles Halter after he moved to the Culver Creek School. He then narrates of the experience of being with his friends, telling the tragic ending of Alaska Young. Alaska Young was no ordinary school girl, she is the girl who pulls out pranks on everyone and which does all the bad things she is able to do. Once while the group of friends were off smoking, Alaska has stated that,† You guys smoke because it’s fun, but I smoke to die. † This introduces the first flaw of the character.She does not love or care about herself, therefore she will make choices which are bad for herself. Later on, it was then told that Alaska Young has a sad past. In her childhood, she has experienced the death of her mothe r, and which she was blamed by her father of killing her mother. That has created a scar in Alaska, and which she kept on blaming herself on everything that went wrong and that she was failing everyone. She was then found, dead in a car crash attempting to suicide; blaming herself on forgetting her mother’s anniversary.These were the tragic flaw of the character and which it all started by being mistreated in her childhood. The flaw has taken over the character and influenced her daily act. By not being conscious about what is the best choice for the people around and themselves, they would end up with a problem. By not solving the problem properly, other problem will appear. This will continue, until it has reached its worst such as death or the right decision is made. In conclusion, tragedy always ends up with the downfall of the character, which is caused by their tragic flaw.It could be seen through the examples of Romeo and Juliet, and the downfall of Alaska, in Looking for Alaska, that it all started from people around them. Families and friends are most influential on what they will grow up to be like. It is where their future and their fate are decided. By being mistreated or taught to behave badly towards others, it can cause a flaw. The flaw will be hidden in the person, until the time when the person is at a traumatic or panicking state.Each person has a different flaw, and which they may result on developing more than one flaw. As explained, these flaws will influence each person to make a wrong choice. As once stated by Mahatma Ghandi, â€Å"Nobody can hurt me without my permission. † Referring that no one can hurt you, unless you hurt yourself. The quote supports the flaw of the character that it is their own fault that lead to their downfall. In order to reduce the risks of the impact of the flaw of each person, it is important that they are conscious about the decision they are making.This could make the person to be able to think and choose the better choice for themselves and the people around them. Works Cited Green, John. Looking for Alaska: A Novel. New York: Dutton Children's, 2005. Print. â€Å"Quotes About Hurt. † (337 Quotes). N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. goodreads. com/quotes/tag/hurt;. â€Å"Romeo and Juliet's Tragic Flaws. † Romeo and Juliet S Tragic Flaws. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Mar. 2013. ;

Argentinas Demise essays

Argentinas Demise essays There are several reasons why the Argentine economy fell into a state of demise. The creation of a currency board was one of them. It hurt the country's ability to use monetary policy and exchange rate policies that limited the tools the Argentine Government had available for controlling their economy. The board increased the internal stiffness of the economy and made it harder for the economy to respond to incoming hits in good time. Four external hits happened which put the economy into recession; product prices for Argentina stopped climbing, the cost of resources for rising economies rose, the United States Dollar grew stronger, and Brazil, their main trading friend, devalued its currency. After several years of downfall, the economy of Argentina fell at the end of 2001. The effects of it have been hard for millions of people in and out of Argentina. It was even hard for the middle class and more so for the quickly climbing numbers of unemployed and poor. Poverty and unemploym ent went through the roof, and for the people who still had a job, their incomes fell as well. Argentina has a huge debt owed to foreign investors. It has sold off its formerly state-owned companies to corporations and is now counting on its own flow of goods. Many small businesses in Argentina have either gone under or have been gobbled up by bigger firms, both foreign and in their own country. It is kind of funny that in a country that has been one of the world's most important food producers, hunger is becoming a huge problem. In the late 1980s, Argentina was hit by economic unsteadiness. Inflation was very high. In 1989 the Argentine Government started what was called a "free market" path. This began a huge economic "transform" program to allow the economy to let to foreign investments come in and hopefully even out the economy. It connected the value of the Argentine peso to the dollar, one peso to one dollar (known as the Convertibility Plan). Thi...

DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE FILM FROM PLEUROTUS SAJOR-CAJU WASTE Essa

DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE FILM FROM PLEUROTUS SAJOR-CAJU WASTE Essa Full Paper DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE FILM FROM PLEUROTUS SAJOR-CAJU WASTE Hazwani Binti Husain, Ahmad Yazid Bin Rahman, Norshazila Binti Senawi, Yamunasri A/P Kuthiah, Syaliyana Binti Khairudin, Thivya A/P Nadarajah Jabatan Agroteknologi dan Bio-industri, Politeknik Nilai, 71760 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Article history Received 2 July2014 Received in revised form 5 November 2014 Accepted 25 November 2014 *Corresponding author Graphical abstract Abstract The accumulation of waste results in growing concern on the environmental issues all around the world. Enormous researches have been done to convert waste into valuable materials. This research aims to recycle mushroom waste into valuable biofilm. Mushroom waste from Pleurotus sajor-caju harvested from Rumah Cendawan, Politeknik Nilai has been used to develop biofilm which has the potential to be molded into variety of products. A total of 42 formulations have been developed and 14 best formulations have been chosen. The tensile strengths of these 14 biofilms have been tested by using Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine and the biodegradability characteristics of the films have been tested. Variable of positive results observed. In conclusion, biodegradable film from Pleurotus sajor-caju waste can be developed as a better alternative to the existing plastics in the market. Keywords: Pleurotus sajor-caju, waste, biofilm, tensile strength and biodegradable Abstrak Pengumpulan sisa buangan telah meningkatkan kebimbangan tentangi isu-isu alam sekitar di seluruh dunia. Penyelidikan secara besar-besaran telah dilakukan untuk menukar bahan buangan menjadi bahan-bahan berharga. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengitar semula sisa cendawan menjadi biofilem berharga. Sisa buangan cendawan Pleurotus sajor-caju yang dituai dari Rumah Cendawan, Politeknik Nilai telah digunakan untuk membangunkan biofilm yang berpotensi untuk dibentuk menjadi pelbagai produk. Seramai 42 rumusan telah dibangunkan dan 14 formulasi terbaik telah dipilih. Kekuatan tegangan 14 biofilem telah diuji dengan menggunakan Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine dan ciri-ciri biodegredasi filem telah diuji. Kepelbagaian hasil positif diperhatikan. Kesimpulannya , biofilem dari Pleurotus sajor-caju boleh dibangunkan sebagai alternatif yang lebih baik untuk plastik yang sedia ada di pasaran. Kata kunci: Pleurotus sajor-caju, sisa buangan, biofilem, kekuatan tegangan dan terbiodegradasikan 2015 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved 1.0 INTRODUCTION The durability properties which make plastics ideal for many applications can lead to waste disposal problems in the case of traditional petroleum-derived plastics, as these materials are not readily biodegradable. Other than that, petroleum-derived plastics are resistant to microbial degradation thus will accumulate in the environment [1]. For instance, it can take up to one hundred years to degrade only a few grams of plastic (such as polyethylene) under normal environmental conditions. Because plastics cannot be degraded by natural processes in a short period of time, they are left as plastic waste, causing environmental problems [2]. Since last decades, many attempts have been focused on grafting or blending plastic materials with cheap and biodegradable natural biopolymers, such as starch, cellulose and chitin to create new materials with desired properties [3]. In the mushroom industry, a massive amount of the biowaste accumulated during mushroom production and harvesting, mainly consist of stalks and mushrooms of irregular dimensions and shapes. The amount of biowaste obtained can be up to approximately 50,000 metric tons of waste material per year [4]. Wastes left over in the edible mushroom farms can also become free and alternative source of chitin-chitosan materials, beside the traditional industrial source shellfish waste materials. Waste accumulated during mushroom production and harvest consist mainly stalks and mushroom of irregular dimensions and shapes. Waste disposal create environmental problems for producers due to the large volume and volatile degradation products [5]. This research had been done to determine the biodegradability and the tensile strength of biofilm from Pleurotus Sajor-caju waste as a potential plastic replacer. Figure 1: The effects of Force (N) on variety of formulation of biofilms. Figure 2: The biodegradability of various formulations of biofilms. 2.0 EXPERIMENTAL 2.1Materials Rotten mushrooms of Pleurotus sajor caju were obtained from Rumah Cendawan Politeknik Nilai, Negeri Sembilan and all chemicals used in producing the biodegradable film as well as for analytical procedures were of analytical grade or of the highest purity available. Details of chemicals were sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, starch powder and glycerine. 2.2Preparation of Mushroom powder The rotten mushrooms were washed with clean water to remove dirt or other undesirable materials before leave it drying to room temperature. Then the dried mushrooms were ground into powder in a blender then they were sieved and

Fraud is Multifaceted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fraud is Multifaceted - Essay Example The dishonest practices among American business executives are pervasive (Lane & Simpson in Lane & DiStefano, 1988) and rampant in the developing countries because of their capitalistic behavior (Magnis-Suseno, 2000) and in America as well because Americans can be bought and so easily sold (Choate, 1990). Among these executives, â€Å"your competitors use bribes and unless you are willing to meet this standard of competitive practice, you will lose business† (Lane & Simpson in Lane & DiStefano, 1988, 236). On page 237 they stated, â€Å"Bribery increases a product’s costs and often is used to secure import licenses for products that no longer can be sold in the developed world. Such corrupting practices also contribute to the moral disintegration of individuals and eventually the societies† (Ibid). Unfortunately, from the outside looking in, the blame is on government but too often, people see the beam on their brothers’ eyes more while the block in their eyes they cannot remove. Or like the rotten egg, the smell would eventually emerge. They are pointing at government officials of the developing countries or they are being claimed as the corrupt and pay off society (Lane & Simpson in Lane and DiStefano, 1988). Lahmeyer International consulting group was suspended by the World Bank for bribing the Nigeria minister who was taken to court on a charge of fraud. While the minister was charged by the state as fraud, in the early 1990s, more than 100 Americans ex-federal employees including politicians and Congressmen were also charged with fraud and bribery of the US government.

Internet in life Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Internet in life - Research Paper Example However, using a computer today is fun because of the internet. The internet has become such a necessity that it is almost impossible to figure out how our lives would be without it. Since its invention the whole world has become one big community as people are able to communicate with each other despite the distance between them or the different time zones they are in (Rosenberg 22; Tapscott,60) Parents can follow the proceedings of their children’s graduation ceremony through the internet, doctors can communicate with their patients and business executives can have boardroom meetings with colleagues from all over the world. This paper seeks to critically examine the benefits of the internet in our social lives and in sectors like communication, education, economy and politics. Computers have become one of the greatest innovations the world has ever had. They have changed the way people organise, perform, analyse and store their work. Almost every home in the world has at lea st one computer. Today, tasks are performed faster and more efficiently since people are using these machines in executing the tasks. According to Swedin, Gottfrid and Ferro, history of the computer dates back to the nineteenth century when Charles Babbage designed the first computer. The World War II and the Cold War led to the development of digital computers as nations sought to tighten their security. The development of interactive interface SAGE in the United States and connecting computers across the country with ARPANET led to the internet. As people evolve, computers and the internet technologies evolve too (7-9) Swedin and Ferro say that the computer does not organise information like the human brain. Many different jobs can be done simultaneously and the device is able to sort out its files so there is no need for book-keeping. Complex accounting formulas are processed within a very short time. The computer is also able to produce very precise images and graphs and all thi s information can be sent to millions of people across the globe instantly (44) Almasy says that, the internet traces its roots all the way in the 1950’s. In 1973, the U.S. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program, to connect several research databases across the country. In 1988, the Internet began to get the attention in the popular press after the release of the first computer virus at Cornell University. Almasy also notes that 1991 saw the beginning of the transition of the Internet as we know it today. Websites like AOL, Netscape and Webcrawler were invented in the mid 1990’s. Previously, Mosaic and Netscape were the only browsers in use but majority of Americans were still using old methods of communication like the post office. By the mid nineties, a total of four million people in the United States used the browsers each month. Today, Billions of people use the internet each day, some to search the web and others to send em ails. The emergence of social media like Facebook and Twitter has also increased the number of internet users. The internet has become a crucial part of life (Web, 10 December, 2013) The internet has influenced almost all the things done in life today. Houses, furniture, household equipment, dresses and jewellery can be bought online. Not forgetting advertisements that are everywhere on the net. Greenfield discusses the magnitude of how the net has reorganised and reshaped our lives. He has developed a

Talent Management in CDG a Boeing Company Essay

Talent Management in CDG a Boeing Company - Essay Example The researcher states that organizations are currently embracing Talent Management as a tool of attaining organizations goals and objectives. As such, Talent Management aids in attaining competitive advantage of organizations through production, addition of market value, and organization effectiveness. According to Rog, Talent Management is a significant factor, which determines the ability of the organization to acquire and retain essential talent successfully. Moreover, Talent Management in an organization establishes the extent of employee engagement in performance of various organization activities. Companies face workforce cost in the overall running of their business operations. As such, an effective analysis of the processes of recruiting and hiring employees provide insights and visibility of areas, which a company needs to improve. This is because maintenance of employees who have the capacity and potential to perform leads to improvement in the performance level of the comp any. According to Peter, companies have discovered that having the best talent enables them to have a competitive advantage in the global economy. Currently, there are few companies, which have a sufficient supply of talent. This depicts that talent has become a limited resource, which companies have to focus on managing effectively in order to attain success in their performance levels. Continental Data Graphics (CDG) a Boeing Company belongs to the aviation industry since the company deals with the provision of software and engineering solutions for defence and aerospace industries. As such, the company needs to have an effective Talent Management structure, which will enhance in attainment of competitive advantage. Bent (2011) argues that professionals within the aviation industry are declining substantially. This depicts that CDG Company needs to adopt an effective Talent Management strategy, which will enhance in attainment of success of the company. Sean and Kleiner (1999) pos tulates that benefits and compensation, development and training, and provision of incentives, which include medical coverage, are some of the needs of employees, which Talent Management in a company has to focus on satisfying. Therefore, this research will focus on identifying and evaluating the process of Talent Management in CDG Company. Further, the research will identify how CDG Company performs in the market of labour shortage due to various labour dynamics. 1.3 Research Objectives This research is governed by the following objectives: 1) To define Talent Management and Talent 2) To discuss the process of Talent Management 3) To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Talent Management 4) To describe the current Talent Management Strategy of Boeing Company 5) To identify employee’s perceptions of Talent Management at Boeing Company 6) To propose improvement to Boeing Company current Talent Management Strategy 1.4 Research Questions This research is governed by the f ollowing research questions, which will aid in attaining objectives and aim of the research. 1) What is Talent Management